用实例详解Python中的Django框架中prefetch_related()函数对数据库查询的优化
实例的背景说明
假定一个个人信息系统，需要记录系统中各个人的故乡、居住地、以及到过的城市。数据库设计如下：
Models.py 内容如下：
from django.db import models class Province(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=10) def __unicode__(self): return self.name class City(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=5) province = models.ForeignKey(Province) def __unicode__(self): return self.name class Person(models.Model): firstname = models.CharField(max_length=10) lastname = models.CharField(max_length=10) visitation = models.ManyToManyField(City, related_name = "visitor") hometown = models.ForeignKey(City, related_name = "birth") living = models.ForeignKey(City, related_name = "citizen") def __unicode__(self): return self.firstname + self.lastname
注1：创建的app名为“QSOptimize”
注2：为了简化起见，`qsoptimize_province` 表中只有2条数据：湖北省和广东省，`qsoptimize_city`表中只有三条数据：武汉市、十堰市和广州市
prefetch_related()
对于多对多字段（ManyToManyField）和一对多字段，可以使用prefetch_related()来进行优化。或许你会说，没有一个叫OneToManyField的东西啊。实际上 ，ForeignKey就是一个多对一的字段，而被ForeignKey关联的字段就是一对多字段了。
作用和方法
prefetch_related()和select_related()的设计目的很相似，都是为了减少SQL查询的数量，但是实现的方式不一样。后者是通过JOIN语句，在SQL查询内解决问题。但是对于多对多关系，使用SQL语句解决就显得有些不太明智，因为JOIN得到的表将会很长，会导致SQL语句运行时间的增加和内存占用的增加。若有n个对象，每个对象的多对多字段对应Mi条，就会生成Σ(n)Mi 行的结果表。
prefetch_related()的解决方法是，分别查询每个表，然后用Python处理他们之间的关系。继续以上边的例子进行说明，如果我们要获得张三所有去过的城市，使用prefetch_related()应该是这么做：
>>> zhangs = Person.objects.prefetch_related('visitation').get(firstname=u"张",lastname=u"三")
>>> for city in zhangs.visitation.all() :
... print city
...
上述代码触发的SQL查询如下：
SELECT `QSOptimize_person`.`id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`firstname`, `QSOptimize_person`.`lastname`, `QSOptimize_person`.`hometown_id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`living_id` FROM `QSOptimize_person` WHERE (`QSOptimize_person`.`lastname` = '三' AND `QSOptimize_person`.`firstname` = '张'); SELECT (`QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id`) AS `_prefetch_related_val`, `QSOptimize_city`.`id`, `QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` FROM `QSOptimize_city` INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_person_visitation` ON (`QSOptimize_city`.`id` = `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`city_id`) WHERE `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id` IN (1);
第一条SQL查询仅仅是获取张三的Person对象，第二条比较关键，它选取关系表`QSOptimize_person_visitation`中`person_id`为张三的行，然后和`city`表内联（INNER JOIN 也叫等值连接）得到结果表。
+----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+ | id | firstname | lastname | hometown_id | living_id | +----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+ | 1 | 张 | 三 | 3 | 1 | +----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) +-----------------------+----+-----------+-------------+ | _prefetch_related_val | id | name | province_id | +-----------------------+----+-----------+-------------+ | 1 | 1 | 武汉市 | 1 | | 1 | 2 | 广州市 | 2 | | 1 | 3 | 十堰市 | 1 | +-----------------------+----+-----------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
显然张三武汉、广州、十堰都去过。
又或者，我们要获得湖北的所有城市名，可以这样：
>>> hb = Province.objects.prefetch_related('city_set').get(name__iexact=u"湖北省")
>>> for city in hb.city_set.all():
... city.name
...
触发的SQL查询：
SELECT `QSOptimize_province`.`id`, `QSOptimize_province`.`name` FROM `QSOptimize_province` WHERE `QSOptimize_province`.`name` LIKE '湖北省' ; SELECT `QSOptimize_city`.`id`, `QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` FROM `QSOptimize_city` WHERE `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` IN (1);
得到的表：
+----+-----------+ | id | name | +----+-----------+ | 1 | 湖北省 | +----+-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) +----+-----------+-------------+ | id | name | province_id | +----+-----------+-------------+ | 1 | 武汉市 | 1 | | 3 | 十堰市 | 1 | +----+-----------+-------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
我们可以看见，prefetch使用的是 IN 语句实现的。这样，在QuerySet中的对象数量过多的时候，根据数据库特性的不同有可能造成性能问题。
使用方法
*lookups 参数
prefetch_related()在Django < 1.7 只有这一种用法。和select_related()一样，prefetch_related()也支持深度查询，例如要获得所有姓张的人去过的省：
>>> zhangs = Person.objects.prefetch_related('visitation__province').filter(firstname__iexact=u'张')
>>> for i in zhangs:
... for city in i.visitation.all():
... print city.province
...
触发的SQL：
SELECT `QSOptimize_person`.`id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`firstname`, `QSOptimize_person`.`lastname`, `QSOptimize_person`.`hometown_id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`living_id` FROM `QSOptimize_person` WHERE `QSOptimize_person`.`firstname` LIKE '张' ; SELECT (`QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id`) AS `_prefetch_related_val`, `QSOptimize_city`.`id`, `QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` FROM `QSOptimize_city` INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_person_visitation` ON (`QSOptimize_city`.`id` = `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`city_id`) WHERE `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id` IN (1, 4); SELECT `QSOptimize_province`.`id`, `QSOptimize_province`.`name` FROM `QSOptimize_province` WHERE `QSOptimize_province`.`id` IN (1, 2);
获得的结果：
+----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+ | id | firstname | lastname | hometown_id | living_id | +----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+ | 1 | 张 | 三 | 3 | 1 | | 4 | 张 | 六 | 2 | 2 | +----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) +-----------------------+----+-----------+-------------+ | _prefetch_related_val | id | name | province_id | +-----------------------+----+-----------+-------------+ | 1 | 1 | 武汉市 | 1 | | 1 | 2 | 广州市 | 2 | | 4 | 2 | 广州市 | 2 | | 1 | 3 | 十堰市 | 1 | +-----------------------+----+-----------+-------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) +----+-----------+ | id | name | +----+-----------+ | 1 | 湖北省 | | 2 | 广东省 | +----+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
值得一提的是，链式prefetch_related会将这些查询添加起来，就像1.7中的select_related那样。
要注意的是，在使用QuerySet的时候，一旦在链式操作中改变了数据库请求，之前用prefetch_related缓存的数据将会被忽略掉。这会导致Django重新请求数据库来获得相应的数据，从而造成性能问题。这里提到的改变数据库请求指各种filter()、exclude()等等最终会改变SQL代码的操作。而all()并不会改变最终的数据库请求，因此是不会导致重新请求数据库的。
举个例子，要获取所有人访问过的城市中带有“市”字的城市，这样做会导致大量的SQL查询：
plist = Person.objects.prefetch_related('visitation')
[p.visitation.filter(name__icontains=u"市") for p in plist]
因为数据库中有4人，导致了2+4次SQL查询：
SELECT `QSOptimize_person`.`id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`firstname`, `QSOptimize_person`.`lastname`, `QSOptimize_person`.`hometown_id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`living_id` FROM `QSOptimize_person`; SELECT (`QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id`) AS `_prefetch_related_val`, `QSOptimize_city`.`id`, `QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` FROM `QSOptimize_city` INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_person_visitation` ON (`QSOptimize_city`.`id` = `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`city_id`) WHERE `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id` IN (1, 2, 3, 4); SELECT `QSOptimize_city`.`id`, `QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` FROM `QSOptimize_city` INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_person_visitation` ON (`QSOptimize_city`.`id` = `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`city_id`) WHERE(`QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id` = 1 AND `QSOptimize_city`.`name` LIKE '%市%' ); SELECT `QSOptimize_city`.`id`, `QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` FROM `QSOptimize_city` INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_person_visitation` ON (`QSOptimize_city`.`id` = `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`city_id`) WHERE (`QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id` = 2 AND `QSOptimize_city`.`name` LIKE '%市%' ); SELECT `QSOptimize_city`.`id`, `QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` FROM `QSOptimize_city` INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_person_visitation` ON (`QSOptimize_city`.`id` = `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`city_id`) WHERE (`QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id` = 3 AND `QSOptimize_city`.`name` LIKE '%市%' ); SELECT `QSOptimize_city`.`id`, `QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` FROM `QSOptimize_city` INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_person_visitation` ON (`QSOptimize_city`.`id` = `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`city_id`) WHERE (`QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id` = 4 AND `QSOptimize_city`.`name` LIKE '%市%' );
详细分析一下这些请求事件。
众所周知，QuerySet是lazy的，要用的时候才会去访问数据库。运行到第二行Python代码时，for循环将plist看做iterator，这会触发数据库查询。最初的两次SQL查询就是prefetch_related导致的。
虽然已经查询结果中包含所有所需的city的信息，但因为在循环体中对Person.visitation进行了filter操作，这显然改变了数据库请求。因此这些操作会忽略掉之前缓存到的数据，重新进行SQL查询。
但是如果有这样的需求了应该怎么办呢？在Django >= 1.7，可以通过下一节的Prefetch对象来实现，如果你的环境是Django < 1.7，可以在Python中完成这部分操作。
plist = Person.objects.prefetch_related('visitation')
[[city for city in p.visitation.all() if u"市" in city.name] for p in plist]
Prefetch 对象
在Django >= 1.7，可以用Prefetch对象来控制prefetch_related函数的行为。
注：由于我没有安装1.7版本的Django环境，本节内容是参考Django文档写的，没有进行实际的测试。
Prefetch对象的特征：
- 一个Prefetch对象只能指定一项prefetch操作。
- Prefetch对象对字段指定的方式和prefetch_related中的参数相同，都是通过双下划线连接的字段名完成的。
- 可以通过 queryset 参数手动指定prefetch使用的QuerySet。
- 可以通过 to_attr 参数指定prefetch到的属性名。
- Prefetch对象和字符串形式指定的lookups参数可以混用。
继续上面的例子，获取所有人访问过的城市中带有“武”字和“州”的城市：
wus = City.objects.filter(name__icontains = u"武")
zhous = City.objects.filter(name__icontains = u"州")
plist = Person.objects.prefetch_related(
Prefetch('visitation', queryset = wus, to_attr = "wu_city"),
Prefetch('visitation', queryset = zhous, to_attr = "zhou_city"),)
[p.wu_city for p in plist]
[p.zhou_city for p in plist]
注：这段代码没有在实际环境中测试过，若有不正确的地方请指正。
顺带一提，Prefetch对象和字符串参数可以混用。
None
可以通过传入一个None来清空之前的prefetch_related。就像这样：
>>> prefetch_cleared_qset = qset.prefetch_related(None)
小结
- prefetch_related主要针一对多和多对多关系进行优化。
- prefetch_related通过分别获取各个表的内容，然后用Python处理他们之间的关系来进行优化。
- 可以通过可变长参数指定需要select_related的字段名。指定方式和特征与select_related是相同的。
- 在Django >= 1.7可以通过Prefetch对象来实现复杂查询，但低版本的Django好像只能自己实现。
- 作为prefetch_related的参数，Prefetch对象和字符串可以混用。
- prefetch_related的链式调用会将对应的prefetch添加进去，而非替换，似乎没有基于不同版本上区别。
- 可以通过传入None来清空之前的prefetch_related。
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