python基础教程之对象和类的实际运用
我们熟悉了对象和类的基本概念。我们将进一步拓展,以便能实际运用对象和类。
调用类的其它信息
上一讲中提到,在定义方法时,必须有self这一参数。这个参数表示某个对象。对象拥有类的所有性质,那么我们可以通过self,调用类属性。
代码如下:
class Human(object):
laugh = 'hahahaha'
def show_laugh(self):
print self.laugh
def laugh_100th(self):
for i in range(100):
self.show_laugh()
li_lei = Human()
li_lei.laugh_100th()
这里有一个类属性laugh。在方法show_laugh()中,通过self.laugh,调用了该属性的值。
还可以用相同的方式调用其它方法。方法show_laugh(),在方法laugh_100th中()被调用。
通过对象可以修改类属性值。但这是危险的。类属性被所有同一类及其子类的对象共享。类属性值的改变会影响所有的对象。
__init__()方法
__init__()是一个特殊方法(special method)。Python有一些特殊方法。Python会特殊的对待它们。特殊方法的特点是名字前后有两个下划线。
如果你在类中定义了__init__()这个方法,创建对象时,Python会自动调用这个方法。这个过程也叫初始化。
代码如下:
class happyBird(Bird):
def __init__(self,more_words):
print 'We are happy birds.',more_words
summer = happyBird('Happy,Happy!')
这里继承了Bird类,它的定义见上一讲。
屏幕上打印:
代码如下:
We are happy birds.Happy,Happy!
我们看到,尽管我们只是创建了summer对象,但__init__()方法被自动调用了。最后一行的语句(summer = happyBird...)先创建了对象,然后执行:
代码如下:
summer.__init__(more_words)
'Happy,Happy!' 被传递给了__init__()的参数more_words
对象的性质
我们讲到了许多属性,但这些属性是类的属性。所有属于该类的对象会共享这些属性。比如说,鸟都有羽毛,鸡都不会飞。
在一些情况下,我们定义对象的性质,用于记录该对象的特别信息。比如说,人这个类。性别是某个人的一个性质,不是所有的人类都是男,或者都是女。这个性质的值随着对象的不同而不同。李雷是人类的一个对象,性别是男;韩美美也是人类的一个对象,性别是女。
当定义类的方法时,必须要传递一个self的参数。这个参数指代的就是类的一个对象。我们可以通过操纵self,来修改某个对象的性质。比如用类来新建一个对象,即下面例子中的li_lei, 那么li_lei就被self表示。我们通过赋值给self.attribute,给li_lei这一对象增加一些性质,比如说性别的男女。self会传递给各个方法。在方法内部,可以通过引用self.attribute,查询或修改对象的性质。
这样,在类属性的之外,又给每个对象增添了各自特色的性质,从而能描述多样的世界。
代码如下:
class Human(object):
def __init__(self, input_gender):
self.gender = input_gender
def printGender(self):
print self.gender
li_lei = Human('male') # 这里,'male'作为参数传递给__init__()方法的input_gender变量。
print li_lei.gender
li_lei.printGender()
在初始化中,将参数input_gender,赋值给对象的性质,即self.gender。
li_lei拥有了对象性质gender。gender不是一个类属性。Python在建立了li_lei这一对象之后,使用li_lei.gender这一对象性质,专门储存属于对象li_lei的特有信息。
对象的性质也可以被其它方法调用,调用方法与类属性的调用相似,正如在printGender()方法中的调用。
总结
通过self调用类属性
__init__(): 在建立对象时自动执行
类属性和对象的性质的区别

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.

Python is more suitable for beginners, with a smooth learning curve and concise syntax; JavaScript is suitable for front-end development, with a steep learning curve and flexible syntax. 1. Python syntax is intuitive and suitable for data science and back-end development. 2. JavaScript is flexible and widely used in front-end and server-side programming.

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.

VS Code can run on Windows 8, but the experience may not be great. First make sure the system has been updated to the latest patch, then download the VS Code installation package that matches the system architecture and install it as prompted. After installation, be aware that some extensions may be incompatible with Windows 8 and need to look for alternative extensions or use newer Windows systems in a virtual machine. Install the necessary extensions to check whether they work properly. Although VS Code is feasible on Windows 8, it is recommended to upgrade to a newer Windows system for a better development experience and security.

VS Code can be used to write Python and provides many features that make it an ideal tool for developing Python applications. It allows users to: install Python extensions to get functions such as code completion, syntax highlighting, and debugging. Use the debugger to track code step by step, find and fix errors. Integrate Git for version control. Use code formatting tools to maintain code consistency. Use the Linting tool to spot potential problems ahead of time.

Running Python code in Notepad requires the Python executable and NppExec plug-in to be installed. After installing Python and adding PATH to it, configure the command "python" and the parameter "{CURRENT_DIRECTORY}{FILE_NAME}" in the NppExec plug-in to run Python code in Notepad through the shortcut key "F6".

VS Code extensions pose malicious risks, such as hiding malicious code, exploiting vulnerabilities, and masturbating as legitimate extensions. Methods to identify malicious extensions include: checking publishers, reading comments, checking code, and installing with caution. Security measures also include: security awareness, good habits, regular updates and antivirus software.
