Python使用稀疏矩阵节省内存实例
推荐系统中经常需要处理类似user_id, item_id, rating这样的数据,其实就是数学里面的稀疏矩阵,scipy中提供了sparse模块来解决这个问题,但scipy.sparse有很多问题不太合用:
1、不能很好的同时支持data[i, ...]、data[..., j]、data[i, j]快速切片;
2、由于数据保存在内存中,不能很好的支持海量数据处理。
要支持data[i, ...]、data[..., j]的快速切片,需要i或者j的数据集中存储;同时,为了保存海量的数据,也需要把数据的一部分放在硬盘上,用内存做buffer。这里的解决方案比较简单,用一个类Dict的东西来存储数据,对于某个i(比如9527),它的数据保存在dict['i9527']里面,同样的,对于某个j(比如3306),它的全部数据保存在dict['j3306']里面,需要取出data[9527, ...]的时候,只要取出dict['i9527']即可,dict['i9527']原本是一个dict对象,储存某个j对应的值,为了节省内存空间,我们把这个dict以二进制字符串形式存储,直接上代码:
代码如下:
'''
Sparse Matrix
'''
import struct
import numpy as np
import bsddb
from cStringIO import StringIO
class DictMatrix():
def __init__(self, container = {}, dft = 0.0):
self._data = container
self._dft = dft
self._nums = 0
def __setitem__(self, index, value):
try:
i, j = index
except:
raise IndexError('invalid index')
ik = ('i%d' % i)
# 为了节省内存,我们把j, value打包成字二进制字符串
ib = struct.pack('if', j, value)
jk = ('j%d' % j)
jb = struct.pack('if', i, value)
try:
self._data[ik] += ib
except:
self._data[ik] = ib
try:
self._data[jk] += jb
except:
self._data[jk] = jb
self._nums += 1
def __getitem__(self, index):
try:
i, j = index
except:
raise IndexError('invalid index')
if (isinstance(i, int)):
ik = ('i%d' % i)
if not self._data.has_key(ik): return self._dft
ret = dict(np.fromstring(self._data[ik], dtype = 'i4,f4'))
if (isinstance(j, int)): return ret.get(j, self._dft)
if (isinstance(j, int)):
jk = ('j%d' % j)
if not self._data.has_key(jk): return self._dft
ret = dict(np.fromstring(self._data[jk], dtype = 'i4,f4'))
return ret
def __len__(self):
return self._nums
def __iter__(
测试代码:
代码如下:
import timeit
timeit.Timer('foo = __main__.data[9527, ...]', 'import __main__').timeit(number = 1000)
消耗1.4788秒,大概读取一条数据1.5ms。
采用类Dict来存储数据的另一个好处是你可以随便用内存Dict或者其他任何形式的DBM,甚至传说中的Tokyo Cabinet….
好了,码完收工。

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