Nginx memory management
1. Source code location
Header file: http://trac.nginx.org/nginx/browser/nginx/src/core/ngx_palloc.h
Source file: http://trac.nginx.org/ nginx/browser/nginx/src/core/ngx_palloc.c
2. Data structure definition
Let’s first learn about several main data structures of nginx memory pool:
ngx_pool_data_t (memory pool data block structure)
nginx对内存的管理分为大内存与小内存，当某一个申请的内存大于某一个值时，就需要从大内存中分配空间，否则从小内存中分配空间。
nginx中的内存池是在创建的时候就设定好了大小，在以后分配小块内存的时候，如果内存不够，则是重新创建一块内存串到内存池中，而不是将原有的内存池进行扩张。当要分配大块内存是，则是在内存池外面再分配空间进行管理的，称为大块内存池。
4.2 内存申请 ngx_palloc
1:void * 2: ngx_palloc(ngx_pool_t *pool, size_t size) 3: { 4: u_char *m; 5: ngx_pool_t *p; 6: 7: //如果申请的内存大小小于内存池的max值 8: if (size <= pool->max) { 9: 10: p = pool->current; 11: 12: do { 13: //对内存地址进行对齐处理 14: m = ngx_align_ptr(p->d.last, NGX_ALIGNMENT); 15: 16: //如果当前内存块够分配内存，则直接分配 17: if ((size_t) (p->d.end - m) >= size) 18: { 19: p->d.last = m + size; 20: 21: return m; 22: } 23: 24: //如果当前内存块有效容量不够分配，则移动到下一个内存块进行分配 25: p = p->d.next; 26: 27: } while (p); 28: 29: //当前所有内存块都没有空闲了，开辟一块新的内存，如下2详细解释 30: return ngx_palloc_block(pool, size); 31: } 32: 33: //分配大块内存 34: return ngx_palloc_large(pool, size); 35: }
需要说明的几点：
1、ngx_align_ptr，这是一个用来内存地址取整的宏，非常精巧，一句话就搞定了。作用不言而喻，取整可以降低CPU读取内存的次数，提高性能。因为这里并没有真正意义调用malloc等函数申请内存，而是移动指针标记而已，所以内存对齐的活，C编译器帮不了你了，得自己动手。
1: #define ngx_align_ptr(p, a) \ 2: (u_char *) (((uintptr_t) (p) + ((uintptr_t) a - 1)) & ~((uintptr_t) a - 1))
2、开辟一个新的内存块 ngx_palloc_block(ngx_pool_t *pool, size_t size)
这个函数是用来分配新的内存块，为pool内存池开辟一个新的内存块，并申请使用size大小的内存；
1:static void * 2: ngx_palloc_block(ngx_pool_t *pool, size_t size) 3: { 4: u_char *m; 5: size_t psize; 6: ngx_pool_t *p, *new; 7: 8: //计算内存池第一个内存块的大小 9: psize = (size_t) (pool->d.end - (u_char *) pool); 10: 11: //分配和第一个内存块同样大小的内存块 12: m = ngx_memalign(NGX_POOL_ALIGNMENT, psize, pool->log); 13: if (m == NULL) { 14: return NULL; 15: } 16: 17: new = (ngx_pool_t *) m; 18: 19: //设置新内存块的end 20: new->d.end = m + psize; 21: new->d.next = NULL; 22: new->d.failed = 0; 23: 24: //将指针m移动到d后面的一个位置，作为起始位置 25: m += sizeof(ngx_pool_data_t); 26: //对m指针按4字节对齐处理 27: m = ngx_align_ptr(m, NGX_ALIGNMENT); 28: //设置新内存块的last，即申请使用size大小的内存 29: new->d.last = m + size; 30: 31: //这里的循环用来找最后一个链表节点，这里failed用来控制循环的长度，如果分配失败次数达到5次，就忽略，不需要每次都从头找起 32: for (p = pool->current; p->d.next; p = p->d.next) { 33: if (p->d.failed++ > 4) { 34: pool->current = p->d.next; 35: } 36: } 37: 38: p->d.next = new; 39: 40: return m; 41: }
3、分配大块内存 ngx_palloc_large(ngx_pool_t *pool, size_t size)
在ngx_palloc中首先会判断申请的内存大小是否超过内存块的最大限值，如果超过，则直接调用ngx_palloc_large，进入大内存块的分配流程；
1:static void * 2: ngx_palloc_large(ngx_pool_t *pool, size_t size) 3: { 4: void *p; 5: ngx_uint_t n; 6: ngx_pool_large_t *large; 7: 8: // 直接在系统堆中分配一块大小为size的空间 9: p = ngx_alloc(size, pool->log); 10: if (p == NULL) { 11: return NULL; 12: } 13: 14: n = 0; 15: 16: // 查找到一个空的large区，如果有，则将刚才分配的空间交由它管理 17: for (large = pool->large; large; large = large->next) { 18: if (large->alloc == NULL) { 19: large->alloc = p; 20: return p; 21: } 22: //为了提高效率， 如果在三次内没有找到空的large结构体，则创建一个 23: if (n++ > 3) { 24: break; 25: } 26: } 27: 28: 29: large = ngx_palloc(pool, sizeof(ngx_pool_large_t)); 30: if (large == NULL) { 31: ngx_free(p); 32: return NULL; 33: } 34: 35: //将large链接到内存池 36: large->alloc = p; 37: large->next = pool->large; 38: pool->large = large; 39: 40: return p; 41: }
整个内存池分配如下图：
4.3 内存池重置 ngx_reset_pool
1:void 2: ngx_reset_pool(ngx_pool_t *pool) 3: { 4: ngx_pool_t *p; 5: ngx_pool_large_t *l; 6: 7: //释放大块内存 8: for (l = pool->large; l; l = l->next) { 9: if (l->alloc) { 10: ngx_free(l->alloc); 11: } 12: } 13: 14: // 重置所有小块内存区 15: for (p = pool; p; p = p->d.next) { 16: p->d.last = (u_char *) p + sizeof(ngx_pool_t); 17: p->d.failed = 0; 18: } 19: 20: pool->current = pool; 21: pool->chain = NULL; 22: pool->large = NULL; 23: }
4.4 内存池释放 ngx_pfree
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