Python的Flask框架中使用Flask-Migrate扩展迁移数据库的教程
我们在升级系统的时候，经常碰到需要更新服务器端数据结构等操作，之前的方式是通过手工编写alter sql脚本处理，经常会发现遗漏，导致程序发布到服务器上后无法正常使用。
现在我们可以使用Flask-Migrate插件来解决之，Flask-Migrate插件是基于Alembic，Alembic是由大名鼎鼎的SQLAlchemy作者开发数据迁移工具。
具体操作如下：
1. 安装Flask-Migrate插件
$ pip install Flask-Migrate
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
migrate = Migrate(app, db)
manager = Manager(app)
manager.add_command('db', MigrateCommand)
3. 初始化
$ python app.py db init
使用Flask-Migrate迁移数据库
随着开发进度不断向前，你会发现你的数据库模型需要更改，而当这种情况发生时需要更新数据库。
Flask-SQLAlchemy只有当数据库表不存在了才从模型创建它们，所以更新表的唯一途径就是销毁旧的表，当然这将导致所有数据库中的数据丢失。
有个更好的解决方案就是使用数据库迁移框架。和源码版本控制工具跟踪更改源码文件一样，数据库迁移框架跟踪更改数据库模型，然后将增量变化应用到数据库中。
SQLAlchemy的主要开发人员写了一个Alembic迁移框架，但我们不直接使用Alembic，Flask应用可以使用Flask-Migrate扩展，一个集成了Flask-Script来提供所有操作命令的轻量级Alembic包。
4. 创建迁移仓库
首先，Flask-Migrate必须已经安装到虚拟环境中：
(venv) $ pip install flask-migrate
下面展示扩展如何初始化：
from flask.ext.migrate import Migrate, MigrateCommand
# ...
migrate = Migrate(app, db)
manager.add_command('db', MigrateCommand)
为了可以使用数据库迁移命令，Flask-Migrate提供MigrateCommand类来连接Flask-Script的manager对象。在这个示例中使用db来连接到命令。
在数据库迁移可以维护之前，必须通过init子命令来创建一个迁移库：
(venv) $ python hello.py db init
Creating directory /home/flask/flasky/migrations...done Creating directory /home/flask/flasky/migrations/versions...done Generating /home/flask/flasky/migrations/alembic.ini...done Generating /home/flask/flasky/migrations/env.py...done Generating /home/flask/flasky/migrations/env.pyc...done Generating /home/flask/flasky/migrations/README...done Generating /home/flask/flasky/migrations/script.py.mako...done Please edit configuration/connection/logging settings in '/home/flask/flasky/migrations/alembic.ini' before proceeding.
这个命令创建一个migrations文件夹，里面存放了所有迁移脚本。
建议：如果你有克隆在GitHub上的应用程序，你现在可以运行git checkout 5c来切换到这个版本的应用程序。
5. 创建迁移脚本
在Alembic，数据库迁移工作由迁移脚本完成。这个脚本有两个函数，分别叫做upgrade()和downgrade()。upgrade()函数实施数据库更改，是迁移的一部分，downgrade()函数则删除它们。通过添加和删除数据库变化的能力，Alembic可以重新配置数据库从历史记录中的任何时间点。
Alembic迁移可以分别使用revision和migrate命令手动或自动创建。手动迁移通过由开发人员使用Alembic的Operations对象指令实现的空upgrade()和downgrade()函数创建迁移框架脚本。另一方面，自动迁移通过寻找模型定义和数据库当前状态间的不同为upgrade()和downgrade()生成代码。
警告：自动迁移并不总是准确的，可以忽略一些细节。所以应该经常审查一下自动生成的迁移脚本。
migrate子命令创建自动迁移脚本：
(venv) $ python hello.py db migrate -m "initial migration"
INFO [alembic.migration] Context impl SQLiteImpl. INFO [alembic.migration] Will assume non-transactional DDL. INFO [alembic.autogenerate] Detected added table 'roles' INFO [alembic.autogenerate] Detected added table 'users' INFO [alembic.autogenerate.compare] Detected added index 'ix_users_username' on '['username']' Generating /home/flask/flasky/migrations/versions/1bc 594146bb5_initial_migration.py...done
建议：如果你有克隆在GitHub上的应用程序，你现在可以运行git checkout 5c来切换到这个版本的应用程序。注意，你不需要为这个应用生成migrations，所有的迁移脚本都包含在版本库中。
6. 更新数据库
一旦迁移脚本被审查且接受，就可以使用db upgrade命令更新到数据库中：
(venv) $ python hello.py db upgrade
INFO [alembic.migration] Context impl SQLiteImpl. INFO [alembic.migration] Will assume non-transactional DDL. INFO [alembic.migration] Running upgrade None -> 1bc594146bb5, initial migration
第一次迁移实际上相当于调用db.create_all()，但在后续迁移中，upgrade命令对表实施更新操作但不影响表中的内容。
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