深入解析Python中的urllib2模块
Python 标准库中有很多实用的工具类，但是在具体使用时，标准库文档上对使用细节描述的并不清楚，比如 urllib2 这个 HTTP 客户端库。这里总结了一些 urllib2 的使用细节。
- Proxy 的设置
- Timeout 设置
- 在 HTTP Request 中加入特定的 Header
- Redirect
- Cookie
- 使用 HTTP 的 PUT 和 DELETE 方法
- 得到 HTTP 的返回码
- Debug Log
Proxy 的设置
urllib2 默认会使用环境变量 http_proxy 来设置 HTTP Proxy。如果想在程序中明确控制 Proxy 而不受环境变量的影响，可以使用下面的方式
import urllib2
enable_proxy = True
proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({"http" : 'http://some-proxy.com:8080'})
null_proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({})
if enable_proxy:
opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_handler)
else:
opener = urllib2.build_opener(null_proxy_handler)
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
这里要注意的一个细节，使用 urllib2.install_opener() 会设置 urllib2 的全局 opener 。这样后面的使用会很方便，但不能做更细粒度的控制，比如想在程序中使用两个不同的 Proxy 设置等。比较好的做法是不使用 install_opener 去更改全局的设置，而只是直接调用 opener 的 open 方法代替全局的 urlopen 方法。
Timeout 设置
在老版 Python 中，urllib2 的 API 并没有暴露 Timeout 的设置，要设置 Timeout 值，只能更改 Socket 的全局 Timeout 值。
import urllib2 import socket socket.setdefaulttimeout(10) # 10 秒钟后超时 urllib2.socket.setdefaulttimeout(10) # 另一种方式
在 Python 2.6 以后，超时可以通过 urllib2.urlopen() 的 timeout 参数直接设置。
import urllib2
response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.google.com', timeout=10)
在 HTTP Request 中加入特定的 Header
要加入 header，需要使用 Request 对象：
import urllib2
request = urllib2.Request(uri)
request.add_header('User-Agent', 'fake-client')
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
对有些 header 要特别留意，服务器会针对这些 header 做检查
User-Agent : 有些服务器或 Proxy 会通过该值来判断是否是浏览器发出的请求
Content-Type : 在使用 REST 接口时，服务器会检查该值，用来确定 HTTP Body 中的内容该怎样解析。常见的取值有：
- application/xml ： 在 XML RPC，如 RESTful/SOAP 调用时使用
- application/json ： 在 JSON RPC 调用时使用
- application/x-www-form-urlencoded ： 浏览器提交 Web 表单时使用
在使用服务器提供的 RESTful 或 SOAP 服务时， Content-Type 设置错误会导致服务器拒绝服务
Redirect
urllib2 默认情况下会针对 HTTP 3XX 返回码自动进行 redirect 动作，无需人工配置。要检测是否发生了 redirect 动作，只要检查一下 Response 的 URL 和 Request 的 URL 是否一致就可以了。
import urllib2
response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.google.cn')
redirected = response.geturl() == 'http://www.google.cn'
如果不想自动 redirect，除了使用更低层次的 httplib 库之外，还可以自定义 HTTPRedirectHandler 类。
import urllib2
class RedirectHandler(urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler):
def http_error_301(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
pass
def http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
pass
opener = urllib2.build_opener(RedirectHandler)
opener.open('http://www.google.cn')
Cookie
urllib2 对 Cookie 的处理也是自动的。如果需要得到某个 Cookie 项的值，可以这么做：
import urllib2
import cookielib
cookie = cookielib.CookieJar()
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie))
response = opener.open('http://www.google.com')
for item in cookie:
if item.name == 'some_cookie_item_name':
print item.value
使用 HTTP 的 PUT 和 DELETE 方法
urllib2 只支持 HTTP 的 GET 和 POST 方法，如果要使用 HTTP PUT 和 DELETE ，只能使用比较低层的 httplib 库。虽然如此，我们还是能通过下面的方式，使 urllib2 能够发出 PUT 或 DELETE 的请求：
import urllib2 request = urllib2.Request(uri, data=data) request.get_method = lambda: 'PUT' # or 'DELETE' response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
得到 HTTP 的返回码
对于 200 OK 来说，只要使用 urlopen 返回的 response 对象的 getcode() 方法就可以得到 HTTP 的返回码。但对其它返回码来说，urlopen 会抛出异常。这时候，就要检查异常对象的 code 属性了：
import urllib2
try:
response = urllib2.urlopen('http://restrict.web.com')
except urllib2.HTTPError, e:
print e.code
Debug Log
使用 urllib2 时，可以通过下面的方法把 debug Log 打开，这样收发包的内容就会在屏幕上打印出来，方便调试，有时可以省去抓包的工作
import urllib2
httpHandler = urllib2.HTTPHandler(debuglevel=1)
httpsHandler = urllib2.HTTPSHandler(debuglevel=1)
opener = urllib2.build_opener(httpHandler, httpsHandler)
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.google.com')
PS: 借助urllib2抓取网站生成RSS
看了看OsChina的博客页面,发现可以使用python来抓取.记得前段时间看到有人使用python的RSS模块PyRSS2Gen生成了RSS.于是忍不住手痒自己试着实现了下,幸好还是成功了,下面代码共享给大家.
首先需要安装PyRSS2Gen模块和BeautifulSoup模块,pip安装下就好了,我就不再赘述了.
下面贴出代码
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import urllib2
import datetime
import time
import PyRSS2Gen
from email.Utils import formatdate
import re
import sys
import os
reload(sys)
sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8')
class RssSpider():
def __init__(self):
self.myrss = PyRSS2Gen.RSS2(title='OSChina',
link='http://my.oschina.net',
description=str(datetime.date.today()),
pubDate=datetime.datetime.now(),
lastBuildDate = datetime.datetime.now(),
items=[]
)
self.xmlpath=r'/var/www/myrss/oschina.xml'
self.baseurl="http://www.oschina.net/blog"
#if os.path.isfile(self.xmlpath):
#os.remove(self.xmlpath)
def useragent(self,url):
i_headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) \
AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/36.0.1985.125 Safari/537.36", \
"Referer": 'http://baidu.com/'}
req = urllib2.Request(url, headers=i_headers)
html = urllib2.urlopen(req).read()
return html
def enterpage(self,url):
pattern = re.compile(r'\d{4}\S\d{2}\S\d{2}\s\d{2}\S\d{2}')
rsp=self.useragent(url)
soup=BeautifulSoup(rsp)
timespan=soup.find('div',{'class':'BlogStat'})
timespan=str(timespan).strip().replace('\n','').decode('utf-8')
match=re.search(r'\d{4}\S\d{2}\S\d{2}\s\d{2}\S\d{2}',timespan)
timestr=str(datetime.date.today())
if match:
timestr=match.group()
#print timestr
ititle=soup.title.string
div=soup.find('div',{'class':'BlogContent'})
rss=PyRSS2Gen.RSSItem(
title=ititle,
link=url,
description = str(div),
pubDate = timestr
)
return rss
def getcontent(self):
rsp=self.useragent(self.baseurl)
soup=BeautifulSoup(rsp)
ul=soup.find('div',{'id':'RecentBlogs'})
for li in ul.findAll('li'):
div=li.find('div')
if div is not None:
alink=div.find('a')
if alink is not None:
link=alink.get('href')
print link
html=self.enterpage(link)
self.myrss.items.append(html)
def SaveRssFile(self,filename):
finallxml=self.myrss.to_xml(encoding='utf-8')
file=open(self.xmlpath,'w')
file.writelines(finallxml)
file.close()
if __name__=='__main__':
rssSpider=RssSpider()
rssSpider.getcontent()
rssSpider.SaveRssFile('oschina.xml')
可以看到,主要是使用BeautifulSoup来抓取站点然后使用PyRSS2Gen来生成RSS并保存为xml格式文件.
顺便共享下我生成的RSS地址
http://104.224.129.109/myrss/oschina.xml
大家如果不想折腾的话直接使用feedly订阅就行了.
脚本我会每10分钟执行一次的.
Hot AI Tools
Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos
AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.
Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free
Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover
Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!
Hot Article
Hot Tools
Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor
SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use
Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment
Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools
SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)
Hot Topics
PHP and Python: Different Paradigms Explained
Apr 18, 2025 am 12:26 AM
PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.
Choosing Between PHP and Python: A Guide
Apr 18, 2025 am 12:24 AM
PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.
Python vs. JavaScript: The Learning Curve and Ease of Use
Apr 16, 2025 am 12:12 AM
Python is more suitable for beginners, with a smooth learning curve and concise syntax; JavaScript is suitable for front-end development, with a steep learning curve and flexible syntax. 1. Python syntax is intuitive and suitable for data science and back-end development. 2. JavaScript is flexible and widely used in front-end and server-side programming.
PHP and Python: A Deep Dive into Their History
Apr 18, 2025 am 12:25 AM
PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.
Can vs code run in Windows 8
Apr 15, 2025 pm 07:24 PM
VS Code can run on Windows 8, but the experience may not be great. First make sure the system has been updated to the latest patch, then download the VS Code installation package that matches the system architecture and install it as prompted. After installation, be aware that some extensions may be incompatible with Windows 8 and need to look for alternative extensions or use newer Windows systems in a virtual machine. Install the necessary extensions to check whether they work properly. Although VS Code is feasible on Windows 8, it is recommended to upgrade to a newer Windows system for a better development experience and security.
Can visual studio code be used in python
Apr 15, 2025 pm 08:18 PM
VS Code can be used to write Python and provides many features that make it an ideal tool for developing Python applications. It allows users to: install Python extensions to get functions such as code completion, syntax highlighting, and debugging. Use the debugger to track code step by step, find and fix errors. Integrate Git for version control. Use code formatting tools to maintain code consistency. Use the Linting tool to spot potential problems ahead of time.
How to run programs in terminal vscode
Apr 15, 2025 pm 06:42 PM
In VS Code, you can run the program in the terminal through the following steps: Prepare the code and open the integrated terminal to ensure that the code directory is consistent with the terminal working directory. Select the run command according to the programming language (such as Python's python your_file_name.py) to check whether it runs successfully and resolve errors. Use the debugger to improve debugging efficiency.
Is the vscode extension malicious?
Apr 15, 2025 pm 07:57 PM
VS Code extensions pose malicious risks, such as hiding malicious code, exploiting vulnerabilities, and masturbating as legitimate extensions. Methods to identify malicious extensions include: checking publishers, reading comments, checking code, and installing with caution. Security measures also include: security awareness, good habits, regular updates and antivirus software.
