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PostgreSQL 事务模型介绍

Jun 07, 2016 pm 04:00 PM

PostgreSQL有自己的事务实现模型。总体上分为三层:top layer, middle layer和bottom layer。

PostgreSQL有自己的事务实现模型。总体上分为三层:top layer, middle layer和bottom layer。

1. Top Layer

Top Layer主要由用户控制,对用户可见。这一层的事务,主要由用户来决定事务的发起与结束。事务生命周期由用户控制,是high-level的。

也就是通常所说的事务块,transaction block。当用户发起:BEGIN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO or RELEASE等命令时,

PG的traffic cop会将这些call重新转发到Top Layer routine中,相对应的方法如下:
BeginTransactionBlock
 EndTransactionBlock
 UserAbortTransactionBlock
 DefineSavepoint
 RollbackToSavepoint
 ReleaseSavepoint

2.Middle Layer

这一层基本上是语句级别的。对用户不可见,也就是说用户无法控制具体生命周期。这一层的处理是跟语句相对应的。由postgres.c处理,相对应的方法如下:

StartTransactionCommand
 CommitTransactionCommand
 AbortCurrentTransaction

3.Bottom Layer

这是最低层的事务原子性的实现,是row-level级别的。是真正意义上的事务实现,以及嵌套事务处理等。

相对应的方法如下:

StartTransaction
 CommitTransaction
 AbortTransaction
 CleanupTransaction
 StartSubTransaction
 CommitSubTransaction
 AbortSubTransaction
 CleanupSubTransaction

从上面三层模型,可以看出PG事务管理粒度由粗到细。调用由中层向底层调用。另外如果有用户级别的事务控制,如出现“BEGIN”等,则被postgres.c转发到top layer中。

假设下面一个案例:

1)        BEGIN
 2)        SELECT * FROM foo
 3)        INSERT INTO foo VALUES (...)
 4)        COMMIT

那么相应的调用方法调用循序如下:

    /  StartTransactionCommand;
    /      StartTransaction;
 1)     \      BeginTransactionBlock;
      \  CommitTransactionCommand;

    /  StartTransactionCommand;
 2) /        ProcessQuery;                  \        CommitTransactionCommand;
    \      CommandCounterIncrement;

    /  StartTransactionCommand;
 3) /        ProcessQuery;                  \        CommitTransactionCommand;
    \      CommandCounterIncrement;

    /  StartTransactionCommand;
    /  ProcessUtility;                 4)     \  CommitTransactionCommand;
      \      CommitTransaction;

在第一步中,用户定义的事务边界开始,也是此事务的生命周期起点。

首先,”BEGIN”也是作为一个命令语句的,因此本身这一步也是需要middle layer中的方法调用将其包围起来。

接着起动low-level事务,即由middle layer调用bottom layer的方法。StartTransaction时,会生成vxid(virtual transaction id,即backend id与local transaction id)。

判断当前事务是否是read-only或者目前是否处于recovery状态。事务隔离级别,事务是否异步commit等信息都在这里初始化。将transState状态设置为:TRANS_INPROCESS。

因为有“BEGIN”命令语句,所以是top layer的。因此又被转到BeginTransactionBlock逻辑中。开始transaction block 处理,并将事务状态设置为:TBLOCK_START。

起transaction block和起transaction的区别在于对事务状态的设置不一样。

start trasaction block是将事务状态设置为:TBLOCK_START,而一般的start transaction是将其设置为:TRANS_INPROCESS。

事务块与事务是有区别的,在状态上。事务块有以下几种状态,是可以嵌套的: 

PostgreSQL 事务模型介绍


 
而一般事务,只有以下几种状态,没有嵌套: 

PostgreSQL 事务模型介绍


 
另外,在源码定义上,用了不同的结构体来保存。TransState,保存low-level事务状态。
而TBlockState保存high-level事务状态。从这里也明显可以看出,PG在事务层级上做了区分的。 

PostgreSQL 事务模型介绍


 
 
在第二步中,发起select查询。上面讲过,middle layer是跟命令语句对应的。因此针对select 查询,也是用middle layer中的方法调用将其包围。
另外增加CID,用于同一事务中的MVCC可见性判断。
 
在第三步中,发起insert操作。这一步大逻辑上基本上等同于第二步。只是在处理insert时,需要将当前的xid更新到tupler header中去。
通常涉及到insert,update,delete等操作都是跟heap紧密相关,涉及到heap的物理上tuple新增和删除。在这一层中,PG需要为每一个DML
操作assign一个事务ID,并将此事务ID更新到tuple header中的xmin或者xmax中。从而实现MVCC。另外这一层也会增加commandID,主要用来实现同一事务中的可见性判断。
 
在第四步中,用户发起commit,提交事务。事务生命周期结束。这一步逻辑等同于第一步。这里不仅需要结束top layer 的transaction block。也需要结束low-level中的事务,实现
事务原子性。另外还需要释放资源,,释放buffer pin,释放锁等。
 
从上面的讲解中,我们可以比较清晰的看到,PG在事务实现的大致逻辑。完整实现ACID功能。
Atomity:原子性由low-level级别实现,从StartTransaction开始,结束于CommitTransaction。
Consistency:一致性由语句级别实现,即middle layer对应。另外在tuple header 中更新的xmin,xmax,cmin,cmax为事务可见性提供判断基础。
Isolation:在StartTransaction时,初始化事务隔离级别。为MVCC创建snapshot时,提供基础。
Duarability:通过CommitTransaction实现,提交事务日志等。为数据恢复和持久化提供基础。实现WAL(Write Ahead Log)功能。

------------------------------------华丽丽的分割线------------------------------------

CentOS 6.3环境下yum安装PostgreSQL 9.3

PostgreSQL缓存详述

Windows平台编译 PostgreSQL

Ubuntu下LAPP(Linux+Apache+PostgreSQL+PHP)环境的配置与安装

Ubuntu上的phppgAdmin安装及配置

CentOS平台下安装PostgreSQL9.3

PostgreSQL配置Streaming Replication集群

如何在CentOS 7/6.5/6.4 下安装PostgreSQL 9.3 与 phpPgAdmin 

------------------------------------华丽丽的分割线------------------------------------

PostgreSQL 的详细介绍:请点这里
PostgreSQL 的下载地址:请点这里

本文永久更新链接地址: 

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