Detailed introduction to thread pool/process pool in Python concurrent programming

pip install futures

# example1.py
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
import time
def return_future_result(message):
    time.sleep(2)
    return message
pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)  # 创建一个最大可容纳2个task的线程池
future1 = pool.submit(return_future_result, ("hello"))  # 往线程池里面加入一个task
future2 = pool.submit(return_future_result, ("world"))  # 往线程池里面加入一个task
print(future1.done())  # 判断task1是否结束
time.sleep(3)
print(future2.done())  # 判断task2是否结束
print(future1.result())  # 查看task1返回的结果
print(future2.result())  # 查看task2返回的结果

ziwenxie :: ~ » python example1.py
False
True
hello
world
# 在上述程序执行的过程中，通过ps命令我们可以看到三个线程同时在后台运行
ziwenxie :: ~ » ps -eLf | grep python
ziwenxie      8361  7557  8361  3    3 19:45 pts/0    00:00:00 python example1.py
ziwenxie      8361  7557  8362  0    3 19:45 pts/0    00:00:00 python example1.py
ziwenxie      8361  7557  8363  0    3 19:45 pts/0    00:00:00 python example1.py

# example2.py
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
import time
def return_future_result(message):
    time.sleep(2)
    return message
pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)
future1 = pool.submit(return_future_result, ("hello"))
future2 = pool.submit(return_future_result, ("world"))
print(future1.done())
time.sleep(3)
print(future2.done())
print(future1.result())
print(future2.result())

ziwenxie :: ~ » python example2.py
False
True
hello
world
ziwenxie :: ~ » ps -eLf | grep python
ziwenxie      8560  7557  8560  3    3 19:53 pts/0    00:00:00 python example2.py
ziwenxie      8560  7557  8563  0    3 19:53 pts/0    00:00:00 python example2.py
ziwenxie      8560  7557  8564  0    3 19:53 pts/0    00:00:00 python example2.py
ziwenxie      8561  8560  8561  0    1 19:53 pts/0    00:00:00 python example2.py
ziwenxie      8562  8560  8562  0    1 19:53 pts/0    00:00:00 python example2.py

# example3.py
import concurrent.futures
import urllib.request
URLS = ['http://httpbin.org', 'http://example.com/', 'https://api.github.com/']
def load_url(url, timeout):
    with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout) as conn:
        return conn.read()
# We can use a with statement to ensure threads are cleaned up promptly
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=3) as executor:
    # Start the load operations and mark each future with its URL
    future_to_url = {executor.submit(load_url, url, 60): url for url in URLS}
    for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
        url = future_to_url[future]
        try:
            data = future.result()
        except Exception as exc:
            print('%r generated an exception: %s' % (url, exc))
        else:
            print('%r page is %d bytes' % (url, len(data)))

ziwenxie :: ~ » python example3.py
'http://example.com/' page is 1270 byte
'https://api.github.com/' page is 2039 bytes
'http://httpbin.org' page is 12150 bytes

# example4.py
import concurrent.futures
import urllib.request
URLS = ['http://httpbin.org', 'http://example.com/', 'https://api.github.com/']
def load_url(url):
    with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=60) as conn:
        return conn.read()
# We can use a with statement to ensure threads are cleaned up promptly
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=3) as executor:
    for url, data in zip(URLS, executor.map(load_url, URLS)):
        print('%r page is %d bytes' % (url, len(data)))

ziwenxie :: ~ » python example4.py
'http://httpbin.org' page is 12150 bytes
'http://example.com/' page is 1270 bytes
'https://api.github.com/' page is 2039 bytes

from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, wait, as_completed
from time import sleep
from random import randint
def return_after_random_secs(num):
    sleep(randint(1, 5))
    return "Return of {}".format(num)
pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(5)
futures = []
for x in range(5):
    futures.append(pool.submit(return_after_random_secs, x))
print(wait(futures))
# print(wait(futures, timeout=None, return_when='FIRST_COMPLETED'))

ziwenxie :: ~ » python example5.py
DoneAndNotDoneFutures(done={
<Future at 0x7f0b06c9bc88 state=finished returned str>,
<Future at 0x7f0b06cbaa90 state=finished returned str>,
<Future at 0x7f0b06373898 state=finished returned str>,
<Future at 0x7f0b06352ba8 state=finished returned str>,
<Future at 0x7f0b06373b00 state=finished returned str>}, not_done=set())

ziwenxie :: ~ » python example5.py
DoneAndNotDoneFutures(done={
<Future at 0x7f84109edb00 state=finished returned str>,
<Future at 0x7f840e2e9320 state=finished returned str>,
<Future at 0x7f840f25ccc0 state=finished returned str>},
not_done={<Future at 0x7f840e2e9ba8 state=running>,
<Future at 0x7f840e2e9940 state=running>})