Table of Contents
XML有什么用
语法规则
元素命名规则
属性
XML验证
XML DTD
XML Schema
命名空间" >XML命名空间
XML CDATA
PCDATA
CDATA
Home Backend Development XML/RSS Tutorial Detailed analysis of XML basics that is not of concern to web developers

Detailed analysis of XML basics that is not of concern to web developers

Mar 17, 2017 pm 05:02 PM

XML与HTML

首先,XML与HTML类似的,都是一种标记语言。

当初在设计XML时,并非为了将HTML赶下神坛,实际上,XML是为了另外一种目的设计的。

XML旨在传输信息,HTML旨在显示信息

HTML可以有什么标签,不能有什么标签,是被一系列规范约束的;
但在XML中,可以定义自己的标签。

XML有什么用

由于XML是纯文本格式的,因此独立于任何硬件和软件,是一种真正的跨平台数据传输格式。

在XML的基础上,许多其它的技术也得以诞生,比如我们最熟悉的web service,WSDL机制便是基于XML来实现的(也有基于JSON实现的)。

这都得益于XML是一种扩展性非常高的数据传输格式。

语法规则

  • 必须有关闭标签
    如<a>,则必须有一个对应的与之配对,当然用<a name=""/>则是一种简略的缩写。

  • 大小写敏感

  • XML文档必须有根元素

  • 属性值必须加引号

  • 特殊字符的转义

    &lt;   -  <
    &gt;   -  >
    &amp;  -  &
    &apos; -  &#39;
    &quot; -  "
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  • 注释

元素命名规则

  • 名称可以含字母、数字以及其他的字符

  • 名称不能以数字或者标点符号开始

  • 名称不能以字符 “xml”(或者 XML、Xml)开始

  • 名称不能包含空格

属性

属性必须加引号,如果属性本身有双引号,就用单引号包围它

<a name=&#39;steve "aplple" Jobs&#39; />
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XML验证

有许多验证方式来验证XML格式是否良好。常用的有以下两种:

  • XML DTD

  • XML Schema

XML DTD

合法的 XML 文档是“形式良好”的 XML 文档,同样遵守文档类型定义 (DTD) 的语法规则:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "Note.dtd">
<note>
<to>George</to>
<from>John</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don&#39;t forget the meeting!</body>
</note>
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在上例中,DOCTYPE 声明是对外部 DTD 文件的引用。下面的段落展示了这个文件的内容。

<!DOCTYPE note [
  <!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
  <!ELEMENT to      (#PCDATA)>
  <!ELEMENT from    (#PCDATA)>
  <!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
  <!ELEMENT body    (#PCDATA)>
]>
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XML Schema

W3C 支持一种基于 XML 的 DTD 代替者,它名为 XML Schema:

<xs:element name="note">

<xs:complexType>
  <xs:sequence>
    <xs:element name="to"      type="xs:string"/>
    <xs:element name="from"    type="xs:string"/>
    <xs:element name="heading" type="xs:string"/>
    <xs:element name="body"    type="xs:string"/>
  </xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>

</xs:element>
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XML命名空间

命名空间的主要目的是解决元素命名冲突的问题。以下两份XML配置文件有命名冲突的问题:

<table>
   <tr>
   <td>Apples</td>
   <td>Bananas</td>
   </tr>
</table>
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<table>
   <name>African Coffee Table</name>
   <width>80</width>
   <length>120</length>
</table>
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使用命名空间来解决冲突后:

<table xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/">
   <tr>
   <td>Apples</td>
   <td>Bananas</td>
   </tr>
</table>
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<table xmlns="http://www.w3school.com.cn/furniture">
   <name>African Coffee Table</name>
   <width>80</width>
   <length>120</length>
</table>
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命名空间xmlns属性值本身并没有多大含义,只是为了区分命名空间的不同,但实际上xmlns会被开发者用来标识某些资源。

XML CDATA

所有 XML 文档中的文本均会被解析器解析。

只有 CDATA 区段(CDATA section)中的文本会被解析器忽略。

PCDATA

PCDATA 指的是被解析的字符数据(Parsed Character Data)。
XML 解析器通常会解析 XML 文档中所有的文本。
当某个 XML 元素被解析时,其标签之间的文本也会被解析:

<message>此文本也会被解析</message>
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解析器之所以这么做是因为 XML 元素可包含其他元素,就像这个例子中,其中的 元素包含着另外的两个元素(first 和 last):

<name><first>Bill</first><last>Gates</last></name>
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而解析器会把它分解为像这样的子元素:

<name>
    <first>Bill</first>
    <last>Gates</last>
</name>
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CDATA

术语 CDATA 指的是不应由 XML 解析器进行解析的文本数据(Unparsed Character Data)。

在 XML 元素中,"<" 和 "&" 是非法的。

"<" 会产生错误,因为解析器会把该字符解释为新元素的开始。

"&" 也会产生错误,因为解析器会把该字符解释为字符实体的开始。

某些文本,比如 JavaScript 代码,包含大量 "<" 或 "&" 字符。为了避免错误,可以将脚本代码定义为 CDATA。

CDATA 部分中的所有内容都会被解析器忽略。

CDATA 部分由 " 开始,由 "]]>" 结束:

<script>
<![CDATA[
function matchwo(a,b)
{
if (a < b && a < 0) then
  {
  return 1;
  }
else
  {
  return 0;
  }
}
]]>
</script>
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在上面的例子中,解析器会忽略 CDATA 部分中的所有内容。

关于 CDATA 部分的注释:

CDATA 部分不能包含字符串 "]]>"。也不允许嵌套的 CDATA 部分。

The "]]>" that marks the end of the CDATA section cannot contain spaces or line breaks.

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