Python中的赋值、浅拷贝、深拷贝介绍
和很多语言一样，Python中也分为简单赋值、浅拷贝、深拷贝这几种“拷贝”方式。
在学习过程中，一开始对浅拷贝理解很模糊。不过经过一系列的实验后，我发现对这三者的概念有了进一步的了解。
一、赋值
赋值算是这三种操作中最常见的了，我们通过一些例子来分析下赋值操作：
str例
代码如下:
>>> a = 'hello'
>>> b = 'hello'
>>> c = a
>>> [id(x) for x in a,b,c]
[4404120000, 4404120000, 4404120000]
由以上指令中，我们可以发现a, b, c三者的地址是一样的。所以以上赋值的操作就相当于c = a = b = 'hello'。
赋值是系统先给一个变量或者对象(这里是'hello')分配了内存，然后再将地址赋给a, b, c。所以它们的地址是相同的。
list例
代码如下:
>>> a = ['hello']
>>> b = ['hello']
>>> c = a
>>> [id(x) for x in a,b,c]
[4403975952, 4404095096, 4403975952]
但是这种情况却不一样了，a和b的地址不同。为何？
因为str是不可变的，所以同样是'hello'只有一个地址，但是list是可变的，所以必须分配两个地址。
这时，我们希望探究以上两种情况如果 修改值 会如何？
str例
代码如下:
>>> a = 'world'
>>> [id(x) for x in a,b,c]
[4404120432, 4404120000, 4404120000]
>>> print a, b, c
world hello hello
这时a的地址和值变了，但是b, c地址和值都未变。因为str的不可变性，a要重新赋值则需重新开辟内存空间，所以a的值改变，a指向的地址改变。b, c由于'hello'的不变性，不会发生改变。
list例
代码如下:
>>> a[0] = 'world'
>>> [id(x) for x in a,b,c]
[4403975952, 4404095096, 4403975952]
>>> print a, b, c
['world'] ['hello'] ['world']
这时a, c的值和地址均改变，但二者仍相同，b不改变。由于list的可变性，所以修改list的值不需要另外开辟空间，只需修改原地址的值。所以a, c均改变。
在了解了以上的不同点之后，我们就能很好地分析浅拷贝和深拷贝了。
我们均用list作为例子。
二、浅拷贝
代码如下:
>>> a = ['hello', [123, 234]]
>>> b = a[:]
>>> [id(x) for x in a,b]
[4496003656, 4496066752]
>>> [id(x) for x in a]
[4496091584, 4495947536]
>>> [id(x) for x in b]
[4496091584, 4495947536]
Line3,4可以看出a, b地址不同，这符合list是可变的，应开辟不同空间。那浅拷贝就是拷贝了一个副本吗？再看Line5 - 8，我们发现a, b中元素的地址是相同的。如果说字符串'hello'地址一致还能理解，但是第二个元素是list地址仍一致。 这就说明了浅拷贝的特点，只是将容器内的元素的地址复制了一份 。
接着我们尝试修改a, b中的值：
代码如下:
>>> a[0] = 'world'
>>> a[1].append(345)
>>> print 'a = ', a, '\n\r', 'b = ', b
a = ['world', [123, 234, 345]]
b = ['hello', [123, 234, 345]]
a中第一个元素str改变，但是b中未改变；a中第二个元素改变，b中也改变。这就符合不可变的对象修改会开辟新的空间，可变的对象修改不会开辟新空间。也进一步证明了 浅拷贝仅仅是复制了容器中元素的地址 。
三、深拷贝
代码如下:
>>> from copy import deepcopy
>>> a = ['hello', [123, 234]]
>>> b = deepcopy(a)
>>> [id(x) for x in a, b]
[4496066824, 4496066680]
>>> [id(x) for x in a]
[4496091584, 4496067040]
>>> [id(x) for x in b]
[4496091584, 4496371792]
深拷贝后，可以发现a, b地址以及a, b中元素地址均不同。这才是完全 拷贝了一个副本 。
修改a的值后：
代码如下:
>>> a[0] = 'world'
>>> a[1].append(345)
>>> print 'a = ', a, '\n\r', 'b = ', b
a = ['world', [123, 234, 345]]
b = ['hello', [123, 234]]
从Line4,5中可以发现仅仅a修改了，b没有任何修改。 因为b是一个完全的副本，元素地址均与a不同，a修改，b不受影响 。
总结：
1. 赋值是将一个对象的地址赋值给一个变量，让变量指向该地址（ 旧瓶装旧酒 ）。
2. 浅拷贝是在另一块地址中创建一个新的变量或容器，但是容器内的元素的地址均是源对象的元素的地址的拷贝。也就是说新的容器中指向了旧的元素（ 新瓶装旧酒 ）。
3. 深拷贝是在另一块地址中创建一个新的变量或容器，同时容器内的元素的地址也是新开辟的，仅仅是值相同而已，是完全的副本。也就是说（ 新瓶装新酒 ）。
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