PHP5试用_PHP

Jun 01, 2016 pm 12:40 PM
function php5 function object try out

虽然 PHP5 还没有正式发布(开发版本已经提供下载),但我们现在就可以开始体验一下新的版本 将要带给我们的惊喜。在以下的介绍中,我们将重点讲述 PHP5 中的三大特色功能。这三大特点为:

* 新的对象模式 (New Object Mode)
* 异常处理 (Exceptions)
* 名称空间 (Namespace)

在开始之前,要声明两点:

* 文章中的例子为了说明如何操作,有些部分使用了 PHP4 的表现手段,这仅仅是为了提高文章的可读性。
* 文章中描述的部分与 PHP5 的最终发布版可能会有一些出入

在 PHP5 没有最终正式发布前,你可以随时从 http://snaps.php.net 下载到最新的编译版本来亲自体验一下 PHP5 所带给我们这些崭新的功能。


新的对象模式

PHP5 中的对象已经进行了较系统、较全面的调整,现在的样子可能看起来会有些类似于 Java。本小节着重讲述 PHP5 中新的对象模式,并举了一些较简易的例子来说明。就让本节成为你的 PHP5 之旅的一个新起点吧。:)

* 构造函数和析构函数
* 对象的引用
* 对象的克隆
* 对象中的私有、公共及受保护模式
* 接口 (Interfaces)
* 抽象类
* __call
* __set 和 __get
* 静态成员


构造函数和析构函数

在 PHP4 中,当函数与对象同名时,这个函数将成为该对象的构造函数,并且在 PHP4 中没有析构函数的概念。
在 PHP5 中,构造函数被统一命名为 __construct,并且引入了析构函数的概念,被统一命名为 __destruct。

例一:构造函数和析构函数

class foo {
var $x;
function __construct($x) {
$this->x = $x;
}
function display() {
print($this->x);
}
function __destruct() {
print("bye bye");
}
}
$o1 = new foo(4);
$o1->display();
?>

在上面的例子中,当你终止调用 foo 类的时候,其析构函数将会被调用,上例中会输出 “bye bye”。


对象的引用

众所周知,在PHP4 中,传递变量给一个函数或方法,实际是把这个变量做了一次复制,也就意味着你传给函数或方法的是这个变量的一个副本,除非你使用了引用符号 “&” 来声明是要做一个引用,而不是一个 Copy。在 PHP5 中,对象总是以引用的形式存在的,对象中的赋值操作同样也都是一个引用操作。

例二:对象的引用


class foo {
var $x;
function setX($x) {
$this->x = $x;
}
function getX() {
return $this->x;
}
}
$o1 = new foo;
$o1->setX(4);
$o2 = $o1;
$o1->setX(5);
if($o1->getX() == $o2->getX()) print("Oh my god!");
?>


对象的克隆

如上所述,当一个对象始终以引用的形式来被调用时,如果我想得到该对象的一个副本,该怎么办呢?PHP5 提供了一个新的功能,就是对象的克隆,语法为 __clone。

例三:对象的克隆
class foo {
var $x;
function setX($x) {
$this->x = $x;
}
function getX() {
return $this->x;
}
}
$o1 = new foo;
$o1->setX(4);
$o2 = $o1->__clone();
$o1->setX(5); if($o1->getX() != $o2->getX()) print("Copies are independant");
?>

对象克隆的方法在其它很多应用程序语言中都是存在的,所以你不必担心它的稳定性。:)


对象中的私有、公共及保护模式

PHP4 中,一个对象的所有方法和变量都是公共的,这意味着你可以在一个对象的外部操作其中的任意一个变量和方法。PHP5 引入了三种新的用来控制这种存取权限的模式,它们是:公共的(Public)、受保护的(Protected)及私有的(Private)。

公共模式(Public):允许在对象外部进行操作控制。
私有模式(Private):只允许本对象内的方法对其进行操作控制。
受保护模式(Protected):允许本对象及其父对象对其进行操作控制。

例四: 对象中的私有、公共及受保护模式

class foo {
private $x;
public function public_foo() {
print("I'm public");
}
protected function protected_foo() {
$this->private_foo(); //Ok because we are in the same class we can call private methods
print("I'm protected");
}
private function private_foo() {
$this->x = 3;
print("I'm private");
}
}
class foo2 extends foo {
public function display() {
$this->protected_foo();
$this->public_foo();
// $this->private_foo(); // Invalid! the function is private in the base class
}
} $x = new foo();
$x->public_foo();
//$x->protected_foo(); //Invalid cannot call protected methods outside the class and derived classes
//$x->private_foo(); //Invalid private methods can only be used inside the class $x2 = new foo2();
$x2->display();
?>

提示:对象中的变量总是以私有形式存在的,直接操作一个对象中的变量不是一个好的面向对象编程的习惯,更好的办法是把你想要的变量交给一个对象的方法去处理。


接口 (Interfaces)

众所周知,PHP4 中的对象支持继承,要使一个对象成为另一个对象的派生类,你需要使用类似 “class foo extends parent” 的代码来控制。 PHP4 和 PHP5 中,一个对象都仅能继承一次,多重继承是不被支持的。不过,在 PHP5 中产生了一个新的名词:接口,接口是一个没有具体处理代码的特殊对象,它仅仅定义了一些方法的名称及参数,此后的对象就可以方便的使用 'implement' 关键字把需要的接口整合起来,然后再加入具体的执行代码。

例五:接口

interface displayable {
function display();
}
interface printable {
function doprint();
}

class foo implements displayable,printable {
function display() {
// code
} function doprint() {
// code
}
}
?>

这对提高代码的可读性及通俗性有很大的帮助,通过上面的例子可以看到,对象 foo 包含了 displayable 和 printable 两个接口,这时我们就可以清楚的知道,对象 foo 一定会有一个 display() 方法和一个 print() 方法,只需要去了解接口部分,你就可以轻易的操作该对象而不必去关心对象的内部是如何运作的。

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