PHP面向对象三大特点学习(充分理解抽象、封装、继承、多态)
面象对向的三大特点：封装性、继承性、多态性 首先简单理解一下抽象：
我们在前面定义一个类的时候，实际上就是把一类事物共有的属性和行为提取出来，形成一个物理模型（模版），这种研究问题的方法称为抽象
一、封装性
封装就是把抽取出来的数据和对数据的操作封装在一起，数据被保护在内部，程序的其他部分只有被授权的操作（方法）才能对数据进行操作。
php提供了三种访问控制修饰符
public 表示全局，本类内部，类外部，子类都可以访问
protected 表示受保护的，只有本类或子类可以访问
private 表示私有的，只有本类内部可以访问
以上三种修饰符既可以修饰方法也可以修饰属性（变量），方法如果没有访问修饰符则默认是public，成员属性必须指定访问修饰符，在PHP4中也有这种写法 var $name，表示公开属性，不推荐这种写法
例：
复制代码 代码如下:
class Person{
public $name;
protected $age;
private $salary;
function __construct($name,$age,$salary){
$this->name=$name;
$this->age=$age;
$this->salary=$salary;
}
public function showinfo(){
//这表示三个修饰符都可以在本类内部使用
echo $this->name."||".$this->age."||".$this->salary;
}
}
$p1=new Person('张三',20,3000);
//这里属于类外部，那么如果用下面的方法访问age和salary都会报错
// echo $p1->age; echo$p1->salary;
?>
那么现在就想在外部访问protected和private的元素和方法该怎么办？ 通常做法是通过public函数去访问这些变量 格式：
public function setxxxx($val){
$this->xxxx=$val;
}
public function getxxxx(){
return $this->xxxx;
}
这里带set和get只是为了识别方便，并非必要
如：
public function getsalary(){
return $this->salary; //扩展：这里可以调用一些方法，如判断用户名等，正确才给访问
}
在外部就可以通过 echo $p1->getsalary();
如果要访问 protected和private也可以使用以下方法，但不推荐使用，只要了解即可
__set() 和 __get()
__set()对protected或private属性进行赋值操作
__set($name,$val);
__get()获取 protected 或 private的值
__get($name);
如：
复制代码 代码如下:
class testa{
protected $name;
//使用__set()来管理所有属性
public function __set($pro_name,$pro_val){
//上面$pro_name和$pro_val可自定义
//下面$this->pro_name为既定，不可更改
$this->pro_name=$pro_val;
}
//使用__get()来获取所有属性值
public function __get($pro_name){
if(isset($pro_name)){
return $this->pro_name;
} else {
return null;
}
}
}
$n1=new testa();
//正常情况，类外部是不能访问protected属性的，但是用了上面的方法就可以对它们进行操作
$n1->name='小三';
echo $n1->name;
?>
//以上代码看懂就行，不推荐使用
二、继承性
先看一个例子:
复制代码 代码如下:
class Pupil{
public $name;
protected $age;
public function getinfo(){
echo $this->name.'||'.$this->age;
}
public function testing(){
echo 'this is pupil';
}
}
class Graduate{
public $name;
protected $age;
public function getinfo(){
echo $this->name.'||'.$this->age;
}
public function testing(){
echo 'this is Graduate';
}
}
?>
从上面的例子可以看出，当多个类有很多共同属性和方法时，代码的复用性不高，代码冗余，思考css中的处理方法
解决方法 ：继承
复制代码 代码如下:
class Students{
public $name;
public $age;
public function __construct($name,$age){
$this->name=$name;
$this->age=$age;
}
public function showinfo(){
echo $this->name.'||'.$this->age;
}
}
class Pupil extends Students{
function testing(){
echo 'Pupil '.$this->name.' is testing';
}
}
class Graduate extends Students{
function testing(){
echo 'Graduate '.$this->name.' is testing';
}
}
$stu1=new Pupil('张三',20);
$stu1->showinfo();
echo '
';
$stu1->testing();
?>
从上面可以看出，继承就是一个子类(Subclass)通过 extends 父类 把父类(BaseClass)中的public 和 protected 的属性和方法继续下来，不能继承private属性和方法
语法结构：
class 父类名{}
class 子类名 extends 父类名{}
细节：
1、一个子类只能继承一个父类（这里指直接继承）；如果希望继承多个类的属性和方法，可以使用多层继承
例：
复制代码 代码如下:
class A{
public $name='AAA';
}
class B extends A{
public $age=30;
}
class C extends B{}
$p=new C();
echo $p->name;//这里会输出AAA
?>
2、在创建某个子类对象时，默认情况下不会自动调用其父类的构造函数
例：
class A{
public function __construct(){
echo 'A';
}
}
class B extends A{
public function __construct(){
echo 'B';
}
}
$b=new B();//这里会优先输出B中的构造方法，如果B中没有构造方法才会输出A中的
3、在子类中如果需要访问父类的方法（构造方法、成员方法 方法的修饰符为protected或private），那么可以使用 父类::方法名 或者 parent::方法名 来完成【这里parent和以前提到的self都均为小写，大写报错】
class A{
public function test(){
echo 'a_test';
}
}
class B extends A{
public function __construct(){
//两种方法都行
A::test();
parent::test();
}
}
$b=new B();
5、如果一个子类(派生类)的方法与父类的方法完全一样时(public，protected)，我们称为方法覆盖或方法重写（override），看下面的多态性
三、多态性
例 ：
复制代码 代码如下:
class Animal{
public $name;
public $price;
function cry(){
echo 'i don\'t know';
}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
//覆盖、重写
function cry(){
echo 'Wang Wang!';
Animal::cry();//这里不会报错，能正确执行父类的cry();
}
}
$dog1=new Dog();
$dog1->cry();
?>
小结：
1、当一个父类知道所有的子类都有一个方法，但是父类不能确定该方法如何写，可以让子类去覆盖它的方法,方法覆盖(重写)，必须要求子类的方法名和参数个数完全一致
2、如果子类要去调用父类的某个方法(protected/public)，可以使用 父类名::方法名 或者 parent::方法名
3、在实现方法重写的时候，访问修饰符可以不一样，但是子类方法的访问权限必须大于等于父类方法的访问权限（即不能缩小父类方法的访问权限）
如 父类public function cry(){} 子类 protected function cry(){} 则会报错
但是子类的访问权限可以放大，如：
父类private function cry(){} 子类 protected function cry(){} 可以正确执行
扩展：
方法重载（overload）
基本概念：函数名相同，但参数的个数或参数的类型不同，达到调用同一个函数，可以区分不同的函数
在PHP5中虽然也支持重载，但是和其它语言还是有很大区别的，php中不能定义多个同名函数
PHP5中提供了强大的“魔术”函数，使用这些魔术函数，我们可以做到函数重载，
这里我们要到到 __call,当一个对象调一个方法时，而该方法不存在，则程序会自动调用__call
【官方不推荐使用】
PHP中有以下几个魔术常量：__LINE__ __FILE__ __DIR__ __FUNCTION__ __CLASS__ 等
例：
复制代码 代码如下:
class A{
function test1($p){
echo 'test1
';
}
function test2($p){
echo 'test2
';
}
function __call($method,$p){
//这里$p为数组，上面两个变量名可自定义
if($method == 'test'){
if(count($p)==1){
$this->test1($p);
} else if(count($p)==2){
$this->test2($p);
}
}
}
}
$a=new A();
$a->test(5);
$a->test(3,5);
?>
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