sqlserver 技术内幕<一>
除非另外还指定了 TOP 或 FOR XML，否则，ORDER BY 子句在视图、内联函数、派生表、子查询和公用表表达式中无效 SQL 不同于与其他编程语言的最明显特征是处理代码的顺序。在大数编程语言中，代码按编码顺序被处理，但是在SQL语言中，第一个被处理的子句是FRO
除非另外还指定了 TOP 或 FOR XML，否则，ORDER BY 子句在视图、内联函数、派生表、子查询和公用表表达式中无效
SQL 不同于与其他编程语言的最明显特征是处理代码的顺序。在大数编程语言中，代码按编码顺序被处理，但是在SQL语言中，第一个被处理的子句是FROM子句，尽管SELECT语句第一个出现，但是几乎总是最后被处理。
每个步骤都会产生一个虚拟表，该虚拟表被用作下一个步骤的输入。这些虚拟表对调用者（客户端应用程序或者外部查询）不可用。只是最后一步生成的表才会返回 给调用者。如果没有在查询中指定某一子句，将跳过相应的步骤。下面是对应用于SQL server 2000和SQL Server 2005的各个逻辑步骤的简单描述。
(1)FROM [left_table]
(3)join_type> JOIN right_table>
(2)ON join_condition>
(4)WHERE where_condition>
(5)GROUP BY group_by_list>
(6)WITH CUBE | RollUP>
(7)HAVING having_condition>
(10)ORDER BY order_by_list>
逻辑查询处理阶段简介
- FROM：对FROM子句中的前两个表执行笛卡尔积（Cartesian product)(交叉联接），生成虚拟表VT1
-
ON：对VT1应用ON筛选器。只有那些使
为真的行才被插入VT2。 - OUTER(JOIN)：如 果指定了OUTER JOIN（相对于CROSS JOIN 或(INNER JOIN),保留表（preserved table：左外部联接把左表标记为保留表，右外部联接把右表标记为保留表，完全外部联接把两个表都标记为保留表）中未找到匹配的行将作为外部行添加到 VT2,生成VT3.如果FROM子句包含两个以上的表，则对上一个联接生成的结果表和下一个表重复执行步骤1到步骤3，直到处理完所有的表为止。
-
WHERE：对VT3应用WHERE筛选器。只有使
为true的行才被插入VT4. - GROUP BY：按GROUP BY子句中的列列表对VT4中的行分组，生成VT5.
- CUBE|ROLLUP：把超组(Suppergroups)插入VT5,生成VT6.
-
HAVING：对VT6应用HAVING筛选器。只有使
为true的组才会被插入VT7. - SELECT：处理SELECT列表，产生VT8.
- DISTINCT：将重复的行从VT8中移除，产生VT9.
- ORDER BY：将VT9中的行按ORDER BY 子句中的列列表排序，生成游标（VC10).
- TOP：从VC10的开始处选择指定数量或比例的行，生成表VT11,并返回调用者。
注：步骤10，按ORDER BY子句中的列列表排序上步返回的行，返回游标VC10.这一步是第一步也是唯一一步可以使用SELECT列表中的列别名的步骤。这一步不同于其它步骤的 是，它不返回有效的表，而是返回一个游标。SQL是基于集合理论的。集合不会预先对它的行排序，它只是成员的逻辑集合，成员的顺序无关紧要。对表进行排序 的查询可以返回一个对象，包含按特定物理顺序组织的行。ANSI把这种对象称为游标。理解这一步是正确理解SQL的基础。
因为这一步不返回表（而是返回游标），使用了ORDER BY子句的查询不能用作表表达式。表表达式包括：视图、内联表值函数、子查询、派生表和共用表达式。它的结果必须返回给期望得到物理记录的客户端应用程序。例如，下面的派生表查询无效，并产生一个错误：
<span>select </span><span>* </span><span>from</span><span>(</span><span>select </span><span>orderid</span><span>,</span><span>customerid </span><span>from </span><span>orders </span><span>order by </span><span>orderid</span><span>) </span><span>as </span><span>d</span>
下面的视图也会产生错误
<span>create view </span><span>my_view </span><span>as select </span><span>* </span><span>from </span><span>orders </span><span>order by </span><span>orderid</span>
<span>oracle是支持这种方式的</span>
在SQL中，表表达式中不允许使用带有ORDER BY子句的查询，而在T—SQL中却有一个例外（应用TOP选项）。
所以要记住，不要为表中的行假设任何特定的顺序。换句话说，除非你确定要有序行，否则不要指定ORDER BY 子句。排序是需要成本的，SQL Server需要执行有序索引扫描或使用排序运行符。
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