Python入门

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:26 AM
Getting started with python

第一章 介绍
脚本语言是类似DOS批处理、UNIX shell程序的语言。脚本语言不需要每次编译再执行,并且在执行中可以很容易地访问正在运行的程序,甚至可以动态地修改正在运行的程序,适用于快速地开发以及完成一些简单的任务。在使用脚本语言时常常需要增的新的功能,但有时因为脚本语言本来就已经很慢、很大、很复杂了而不能实现;或者,所需的功能涉及只能用C语言提供的系统调用或其他函数——通常所要解决的问题没有重要到必须用C语言重写的程度;或者,解决问题需要诸如可变长度字符串等数据类型(如文件名的有序列表),这样的数据类型在脚本语言中十分容易而C语言则需要很多工作才能实现;或者,编程者不熟悉C语言:这些情况下还是可以使用脚本语言的。

在这样的情况下,Python可能正好适合你的需要。Python使用简单,但它是一个真正的程序语言,而且比shell提供了更多结构和对大型程序的支持。另一方面,它比C提供更多的错误检查,它是一个非常高级的语言,内置了各种高级数据结构,如灵活的数组和字典,这些数据结构要用C高效实现的话可能要花费你几天的时间。由于Python具有更一般的数据结构,它比Awk甚至Perl适用的范围都广,而许多东西在Python内至少和在这些语言内一样容易。

 

Python允许你把程序分解为模块,模块可以在其他Python程序中重用。它带有一大批标准模块可以作为你自己的程序的基础——或作为学习Python编程的例子。系统还提供了关于文件输入输出、系统调用、插座(sockets)的东西,甚至提供了窗口系统(STDWIN)的通用接口。

 

Python是一个解释性语言,因为不需要编译和连接所以能节省大量的程序开发时间。解释程序可以交互使用,这样可以可以很容易地试验语言的各种特色,写只用一次的程序,或在从底向上程序开发中测试函数。它也是一个方便的计算器。

 

Python允许你写出非常严谨而且可读的程序。用Python写的程序通常都比相应的C程序要短,因为如下几个理由:

  
高级的数据结构允许你用一个语句表达复杂的操作;   
复合语句是靠缩进而不是用表示开始和结束的括号;   
不需要变量声明或参量声明。  
Python是可扩充的:如果你会用C语言编程就很容易为解释程序增加新的内置函数或模块,这样可以以最快速度执行关键操作,或把Python程序和只能以二进制码提供的库(如不同厂商提供的图形库)连接起来。当你变得确实很在行时你可以把Python解释器与用C写的应用相连接,把它作为该应用的扩展或命令语言。 
Python的命名是由BBC的“Monty Python's Flying Circus”节目而得,与蟒蛇没有什么关系。

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