Home Backend Development Python Tutorial 10个易被忽视但应掌握的Python基本用法

10个易被忽视但应掌握的Python基本用法

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:23 AM
python

我一辈子都在写代码,但从来没有掌握编码的精髓。大部分情况下使用Visual Basic,因为我用VB最舒服。同时还略微了解一点其他语言(R、C、JavaScript、Applescript、Hypertext和1979年学习的BASIC)。几年前,我决定只用Python,以此来提高我的编码能力。在此过程中重复发明了许多轮子,但我并不介意,因为我享受解决问题的乐趣。同时有时能发现更有效、Python式的解决方案。时间长了以后,会有顿悟的时刻,意识到根本没必要用困难且冗长的方式处理问题。下面列出10条Python用法,如果我早点发现,也许能节省很多时间。

这里没有列表推导和lambda函数。虽然这两个用法都是Python式的,效率高也非常酷,但由于经常在StackOverflow或其他地方碰到,所以学Python的应该都知道这两个东西。同时也没有三元运算符、装饰器和生成器,因为我很少用到。

本文还有一个IPython notebook nbviewer版本。
1. 在Python 2中使用Python 3式的输出

Python 2与Python 3不兼容,这让我不知道该选择哪个版本的Python。最终我选择了Python 2,因为当时许多我需要用的库都与Python 3不兼容。

但实际上,日常使用中最大的版本差异是输出(print)和除法行为。现在我在Python 2的代码中都用import from future来导入Python 3的输出和除法。现在我用到的几乎所有库都支持Python 3,因此会很快迁移到Python 3中。
 

mynumber = 5
 
print "Python 2:"
print "The number is %d" % (mynumber)
print mynumber / 2,
print mynumber // 2
 
from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import division
 
print('nPython 3:')
print("The number is {}".format(mynumber))
print(mynumber / 2, end=' ')
print(mynumber // 2)
 
Python 2:
The number is 5
2 2
 
Python 3:
The number is 5
2.5 2
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对了,对于C系的那些更喜欢括号而不是缩进的开发者,这里还有一个彩蛋:

from __future__ import braces
File "", line 1
from __future__ import braces
SyntaxError: not a chance
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2. enumerate(list)

很明显,迭代列表时,应该同时迭代其中的元素及其索引,但在很长一段时间内,我都尴尬的使用计数变量或切片。

mylist = ["It's", 'only', 'a', 'model']
 
for index, item in enumerate(mylist):
  print(index, item)
 
0 It's
1 only
2 a
3 model
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3. 链式比较操作符

由于我以前使用的是静态语言(在这些语言中该用法有二义性),从来没有将两个比较操作符放在一个表达式中。在许多语言中,4 > 3 > 2会返回False,因为4 > 3的结果是布尔值,而True > 2将得出False。

mynumber = 3
 
if 4 > mynumber > 2:
  print("Chained comparison operators work! n" * 3)
 
Chained comparison operators work!
Chained comparison operators work!
Chained comparison operators work!
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4. collections.Counter

Python的集合库看上去是最好的。在计算需要集合中元素的个数时,StackOverflow找到的答案是创建有序字典,但我坚持使用一个代码片段来创建字典,计算结果中元素出现的频率。直到有一天,我发现可以用collections.deque。

from collections import Counter
from random import randrange
import pprint
 
mycounter = Counter()
 
for i in range(100):
  random_number = randrange(10)
  mycounter[random_number] += 1
 
for i in range(10):
  print(i, mycounter[i])
 
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0 10
1 10
2 13
3 6
4 6
5 11
6 10
7 14
8 12
9 8
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5. 字典推导

Python开发者的一个重要标志就是理解列表推导,但最终我发现字典推导也很有用,特别是在交换字典的键和值的时候。

my_phrase = ["No", "one", "expects", "the", "Spanish", "Inquisition"]
my_dict = {key: value for value, key in enumerate(my_phrase)}
print(my_dict)
reversed_dict = {value: key for key, value in my_dict.items()}
print(reversed_dict)
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{'Inquisition': 5, 'No': 0, 'expects': 2, 'one': 1, 'Spanish': 4, 'the': 3}
{0: 'No', 1: 'one', 2: 'expects', 3: 'the', 4: 'Spanish', 5: 'Inquisition'}
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6. 用subprocess执行shell命令

以前,我使用os库调用外部命令处理文件,而现在我可以在Python中以编码的方式执行诸如ffmpeg这样的复杂命令进行视频编辑。

(是的,我和我的客户都使用Windows,如果你们因此鄙视我,我会大方地接受!)

注意,用os库完成这个特定命令比用subprocess更好。我只想有一个大家都熟悉的命令。同时,一般来说,在subprocess中使用shell=True参数是非常糟糕的主意,在这里使用这个参数仅仅是为了能在一个IPython notebook单元中放置命令的输出。不要自己使用这个参数!

import subprocess
output = subprocess.check_output('dir', shell=True)
print(output)
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Volume in drive C is OS
Volume Serial Number is [REDACTED]
Directory of C:UsersDavidDocuments[REDACTED]
 
2014-11-26 06:04 AM  <DIR>     .
2014-11-26 06:04 AM  <DIR>     ..
2014-11-23 11:47 AM  <DIR>     .git
2014-11-26 06:06 AM  <DIR>     .ipynb_checkpoints
2014-11-23 08:59 AM  <DIR>     CCCma
2014-09-03 06:58 AM      19,450 colorbrewdict.py
2014-09-03 06:58 AM      92,175 imagecompare.ipynb
2014-11-23 08:41 AM  <DIR>     Japan_Earthquakes
2014-09-03 06:58 AM       1,100 LICENSE
2014-09-03 06:58 AM       5,263 monty_monte.ipynb
2014-09-03 06:58 AM      31,082 pocket_tumblr_reddit_api.ipynb
2014-11-26 06:04 AM       3,211 README.md
2014-11-26 06:14 AM      19,898 top_10_python_idioms.ipynb
2014-09-03 06:58 AM       5,813 tree_convert_mega_to_gexf.ipynb
2014-09-03 06:58 AM       5,453 tree_convert_mega_to_json.ipynb
2014-09-03 06:58 AM       1,211 tree_convert_newick_to_json.py
2014-09-03 06:58 AM      55,970 weather_ML.ipynb
       11 File(s)    240,626 bytes
        6 Dir(s) 180,880,490,496 bytes free
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7. 字典的.get()和.iteritems()方法

字典的get()方法可以设置默认值,当用get()查找的键不存在时,返回方法中的默认值参数是很有用的。与列表中的enumerate()相同,可以用键值元组迭代字典中的元素。

my_dict = {'name': 'Lancelot', 'quest': 'Holy Grail', 'favourite_color': 'blue'}
 
print(my_dict.get('airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow', 'African or European&#63;n'))
 
for key, value in my_dict.iteritems():
  print(key, value, sep=": ")
 
African or European&#63;
 
quest: Holy Grail
name: Lancelot
favourite_color: blue
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8. 用于交换元素的元组解包

在VB中,每当需要交换两个变量时,都要用要一个愚蠢的临时变量:c = a; a = b; b = c

a = 'Spam'
b = 'Eggs'
 
print(a, b)
 
a, b = b, a
 
print(a, b)
 
Spam Eggs
Eggs Spam
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9. 内省工具Introspection tools

我知道dir()方法,我本以为help()方法和IPython中的?魔法命令是一样的,但help()的功能更强大。

my_dict = {'That': 'an ex-parrot!'}
 
help(my_dict)
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Help on dict object:
 
class dict(object)
 | dict() -> new empty dictionary
 | dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
 | (key, value) pairs
 | dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
 | d = {}
 | for k, v in iterable:
 | d[k] = v
 | dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
 | in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
 |
 | Methods defined here:
 |
 | __cmp__(...)
 | x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)
 |
 | __contains__(...)
 | D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False
 |
 | __delitem__(...)
 | x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y]
 |
 | __eq__(...)
 | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y
 |
 
[TRUNCATED FOR SPACE]
 
 |
 | update(...)
 | D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
 | If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
 | If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
 | In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
 |
 | values(...)
 | D.values() -> list of D's values
 |
 | viewitems(...)
 | D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
 |
 | viewkeys(...)
 | D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
 |
 | viewvalues(...)
 | D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values
 |
 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 | Data and other attributes defined here:
 |
 | __hash__ = None
 |
 | __new__ =
 | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T
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10. PEP-8兼容的字符串连接

PEP8是Python编码样式指南。撇开其他的不看,PEP8要求每行不能超过80个字符,超过的部分要换行并缩进。

可以通过反斜杠、带逗号“,”的圆括号“()”、或者额外的加号“+”来完成换行。但对于多行字符串,这些解决方案都不够优雅。Python有个多行字符串记号,即三个引号,但这样无法换行后保持缩进。

还有一个方法,那就是不带逗号的圆括号。我不知道为什么这种方式能工作,但能用就行。

my_long_text = ("We are no longer the knights who say Ni! "
        "We are now the knights who say ekki-ekki-"
        "ekki-p'tang-zoom-boing-z'nourrwringmm!")
print(my_long_text)
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we are no longer the knights who say Ni! We are now the knights who say ekki-ekki-ekki-p'tang-zoom-boing-z'nourrwringmm!

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