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举例详解Python中threading模块的几个常用方法

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:18 AM
python threading

threading.Thread

Thread 是threading模块中最重要的类之一,可以使用它来创建线程。有两种方式来创建线程:一种是通过继承Thread类,重写它的run方法;另一种是创建一个threading.Thread对象,在它的初始化函数(__init__)中将可调用对象作为参数传入。下面分别举例说明。先来看看通过继承threading.Thread类来创建线程的例子:

 #coding=gbk
import threading, time, random
count = 0
class Counter(threading.Thread):
  def __init__(self, lock, threadName):
    
'''@summary: 初始化对象。
     
    
@param lock: 琐对象。
    
@param threadName: 线程名称。
    
'''
    super(Counter, self).__init__(name = threadName) 
#注意:一定要显式的调用父类的初始
化函数。
    self.lock = lock
   
  def run(self):
    
'''@summary: 重写父类run方法,在线程启动后执行该方法内的代码。
    
'''
    global count
    self.lock.acquire()
    for i in xrange(10000):
      count = count + 1
    self.lock.release()
lock = threading.Lock()
for i in range(5): 
  Counter(lock, "thread-" + str(i)).start()
time.sleep(2)  
#确保线程都执行完毕
print count

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在代码中,我们创建了一个Counter类,它继承了threading.Thread。初始化函数接收两个参数,一个是琐对象,另一个是线程的名称。在Counter中,重写了从父类继承的run方法,run方法将一个全局变量逐一的增加10000。在接下来的代码中,创建了五个Counter对象,分别调用其start方法。最后打印结果。这里要说明一下run方法 和start方法: 它们都是从Thread继承而来的,run()方法将在线程开启后执行,可以把相关的逻辑写到run方法中(通常把run方法称为活动[Activity]。);start()方法用于启动线程。

再看看另外一种创建线程的方法:

import threading, time, random
count = 0
lock = threading.Lock()
def doAdd():
  
'''@summary: 将全局变量count 逐一的增加10000。
  
'''
  global count, lock
  lock.acquire()
  for i in xrange(10000):
    count = count + 1
  lock.release()
for i in range(5):
  threading.Thread(target = doAdd, args = (), name = 'thread-' + str(i)).start()
time.sleep(2)  
#确保线程都执行完毕
print count
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在这段代码中,我们定义了方法doAdd,它将全局变量count 逐一的增加10000。然后创建了5个Thread对象,把函数对象doAdd 作为参数传给它的初始化函数,再调用Thread对象的start方法,线程启动后将执行doAdd函数。这里有必要介绍一下threading.Thread类的初始化函数原型:

def __init__(self, group=None, target=None, name=None, args=(), kwargs={})

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  •   参数group是预留的,用于将来扩展;
  •   参数target是一个可调用对象(也称为活动[activity]),在线程启动后执行;
  •   参数name是线程的名字。默认值为“Thread-N“,N是一个数字。
  •   参数args和kwargs分别表示调用target时的参数列表和关键字参数。

Thread类还定义了以下常用方法与属性:

Thread.getName()
Thread.setName()
Thread.name
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用于获取和设置线程的名称。

Thread.ident
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获取线程的标识符。线程标识符是一个非零整数,只有在调用了start()方法之后该属性才有效,否则它只返回None。

Thread.is_alive()
Thread.isAlive()
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判断线程是否是激活的(alive)。从调用start()方法启动线程,到run()方法执行完毕或遇到未处理异常而中断 这段时间内,线程是激活的。

Thread.join([timeout])
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调用Thread.join将会使主调线程堵塞,直到被调用线程运行结束或超时。参数timeout是一个数值类型,表示超时时间,如果未提供该参数,那么主调线程将一直堵塞到被调线程结束。下面举个例子说明join()的使用:

import threading, time
def doWaiting():
  print 'start waiting:', time.strftime('%H:%M:%S')
  time.sleep(3)
  print 'stop waiting', time.strftime('%H:%M:%S')
thread1 = threading.Thread(target = doWaiting)
thread1.start()
time.sleep(1) 
#确保线程thread1已经启动
print 'start join'
thread1.join() 
#将一直堵塞,直到thread1运行结束。
print 'end join'
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threading.RLock和threading.Lock

在threading模块中,定义两种类型的琐:threading.Lock和threading.RLock。它们之间有一点细微的区别,通过比较下面两段代码来说明:

import threading
lock = threading.Lock() 
#Lock对象
lock.acquire()
lock.acquire() 
#产生了死琐。
lock.release()
lock.release()
 
import threading
rLock = threading.RLock() 
#RLock对象
rLock.acquire()
rLock.acquire() 
#在同一线程内,程序不会堵塞。
rLock.release()
rLock.release()
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这两种琐的主要区别是:RLock允许在同一线程中被多次acquire。而Lock却不允许这种情况。注意:如果使用RLock,那么acquire和release必须成对出现,即调用了n次acquire,必须调用n次的release才能真正释放所占用的琐。
threading.Condition

可以把Condiftion理解为一把高级的琐,它提供了比Lock, RLock更高级的功能,允许我们能够控制复杂的线程同步问题。threadiong.Condition在内部维护一个琐对象(默认是RLock),可以在创建Condigtion对象的时候把琐对象作为参数传入。Condition也提供了acquire, release方法,其含义与琐的acquire, release方法一致,其实它只是简单的调用内部琐对象的对应的方法而已。Condition还提供了如下方法(特别要注意:这些方法只有在占用琐(acquire)之后才能调用,否则将会报RuntimeError异常。):
Condition.wait([timeout]):

wait方法释放内部所占用的琐,同时线程被挂起,直至接收到通知被唤醒或超时(如果提供了timeout参数的话)。当线程被唤醒并重新占有琐的时候,程序才会继续执行下去。
Condition.notify():

唤醒一个挂起的线程(如果存在挂起的线程)。注意:notify()方法不会释放所占用的琐。

Condition.notify_all()
Condition.notifyAll()
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唤醒所有挂起的线程(如果存在挂起的线程)。注意:这些方法不会释放所占用的琐。

现在写个捉迷藏的游戏来具体介绍threading.Condition的基本使用。假设这个游戏由两个人来玩,一个藏(Hider),一个找(Seeker)。游戏的规则如下:1. 游戏开始之后,Seeker先把自己眼睛蒙上,蒙上眼睛后,就通知Hider;2. Hider接收通知后开始找地方将自己藏起来,藏好之后,再通知Seeker可以找了; 3. Seeker接收到通知之后,就开始找Hider。Hider和Seeker都是独立的个体,在程序中用两个独立的线程来表示,在游戏过程中,两者之间的行为有一定的时序关系,我们通过Condition来控制这种时序关系。

#---- Condition
#---- 捉迷藏的游戏
import threading, time
class Hider(threading.Thread):
  def __init__(self, cond, name):
    super(Hider, self).__init__()
    self.cond = cond
    self.name = name
   
  def run(self):
    time.sleep(1) 
#确保先运行Seeker中的方法  
     
    self.cond.acquire() 
#b  
    print self.name + ': 我已经把眼睛蒙上了'
    self.cond.notify()
    self.cond.wait() 
#c  
             
#f 
    print self.name + ': 我找到你了 ~_~'
    self.cond.notify()
    self.cond.release()
              
#g
    print self.name + ': 我赢了'  
#h
     
class Seeker(threading.Thread):
  def __init__(self, cond, name):
    super(Seeker, self).__init__()
    self.cond = cond
    self.name = name
  def run(self):
    self.cond.acquire()
    self.cond.wait()  
#a  #释放对琐的占用,同时线程挂起在这里,直到被notify并重新占
有琐。
              
#d
    print self.name + ': 我已经藏好了,你快来找我吧'
    self.cond.notify()
    self.cond.wait()  
#e
              
#h
    self.cond.release() 
    print self.name + ': 被你找到了,哎~~~'
     
cond = threading.Condition()
seeker = Seeker(cond, 'seeker')
hider = Hider(cond, 'hider')
seeker.start()
hider.start()
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threading.Event

Event实现与Condition类似的功能,不过比Condition简单一点。它通过维护内部的标识符来实现线程间的同步问题。(threading.Event和.NET中的System.Threading.ManualResetEvent类实现同样的功能。)
Event.wait([timeout])

堵塞线程,直到Event对象内部标识位被设为True或超时(如果提供了参数timeout)。
Event.set()

将标识位设为Ture
Event.clear()

将标识伴设为False。
Event.isSet()

判断标识位是否为Ture。

下面使用Event来实现捉迷藏的游戏(可能用Event来实现不是很形象)


#---- Event
#---- 捉迷藏的游戏
import threading, time
class Hider(threading.Thread):
  def __init__(self, cond, name):
    super(Hider, self).__init__()
    self.cond = cond
    self.name = name
   
  def run(self):
    time.sleep(1) 
#确保先运行Seeker中的方法  
     
    print self.name + ': 我已经把眼睛蒙上了'
     
    self.cond.set()
     
    time.sleep(1)  
     
    self.cond.wait()
    print self.name + ': 我找到你了 ~_~'
     
    self.cond.set()
               
    print self.name + ': 我赢了'
     
class Seeker(threading.Thread):
  def __init__(self, cond, name):
    super(Seeker, self).__init__()
    self.cond = cond
    self.name = name
  def run(self):
    self.cond.wait()
             
    print self.name + ': 我已经藏好了,你快来找我吧'
    self.cond.set()
     
    time.sleep(1)
    self.cond.wait()
               
    print self.name + ': 被你找到了,哎~~~'
     
cond = threading.Event()
seeker = Seeker(cond, 'seeker')
hider = Hider(cond, 'hider')
seeker.start()
hider.start()
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threading.Timer

threading.Timer是threading.Thread的子类,可以在指定时间间隔后执行某个操作。下面是Python手册上提供的一个例子:

def hello():
  print "hello, world"
t = Timer(3, hello)
t.start() 
# 3秒钟之后执行hello函数。
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threading模块中还有一些常用的方法没有介绍:

threading.active_count()
threading.activeCount()
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获取当前活动的(alive)线程的个数。

threading.current_thread()
threading.currentThread()
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获取当前的线程对象(Thread object)。

threading.enumerate()
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获取当前所有活动线程的列表。
threading.settrace(func)

设置一个跟踪函数,用于在run()执行之前被调用。

threading.setprofile(func)
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设置一个跟踪函数,用于在run()执行完毕之后调用。

threading模块的内容很多,一篇文章很难写全,更多关于threading模块的信息,请查询Python手册 threading模块。

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