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sql语句中like的用法详细解析_MySQL

Jun 01, 2016 pm 01:25 PM
sql statement where

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在SQL结构化查询语言中,LIKE语句有着至关重要的作用。
LIKE语句的语法格式是:select * from 表名 where 字段名 like 对应值(子串),它主要是针对字符型字段的,它的作用是在一个字符型字段列中检索包含对应子串的。

假设有一个数据库中有个表table1,在table1中有两个字段,分别是name和sex二者全是字符型数据。现在我们要在姓名字段中查询以“张”字开头的记录,语句如下:
select * from table1 where name like "张*"
如果要查询以“张”结尾的记录,则语句如下:
select * from table1 where name like "*张"
这里用到了通配符“*”,可以说,like语句是和通配符分不开的。下面我们就详细介绍一下通配符。

匹配类型  
 模式
 举例 及 代表值
 说明

多个字符
 *
 c*c代表cc,cBc,cbc,cabdfec等
 它同于DOS命令中的通配符,代表多个字符。

多个字符
 %
 %c%代表agdcagd等
 这种方法在很多程序中要用到,主要是查询包含子串的。

特殊字符
 [*]
 a[*]a代表a*a
 代替*

单字符
 ?
 b?b代表brb,bFb等
 同于DOS命令中的?通配符,代表单个字符

单数字
 #
 k#k代表k1k,k8k,k0k
 大致同上,不同的是代只能代表单个数字。

字符范围
 - [a-z]代表a到z的26个字母中任意一个 指定一个范围中任意一个
续上
排除 [!字符] [!a-z]代表9,0,%,*等 它只代表单个字符
数字排除 [!数字] [!0-9]代表A,b,C,d等 同上
组合类型 字符[范围类型]字符 cc[!a-d]#代表ccF#等 可以和其它几种方式组合使用

假设表table1中有以下记录:
    name                          sex
                张小明              男
    李明天       男
    李a天       女
    王5五       男
    王清五           男

下面我们来举例说明一下:
例1,查询name字段中包含有“明”字的。
      select * from table1 where name like '%明%'
例2,查询name字段中以“李”字开头。
      select * from table1 where name like '李*'
例3,查询name字段中含有数字的。
      select * from table1 where name like '%[0-9]%'
例4,查询name字段中含有小写字母的。
      select * from table1 where name like '%[a-z]%'
例5,查询name字段中不含有数字的。
      select * from table1 where name like '%[!0-9]%'

以上例子能列出什么值来显而易见。但在这里,我们着重要说明的是通配符“*”与“%”的区别。
很多朋友会问,为什么我在以上查询时有个别的表示所有字符的时候用"%"而不用“*”?
先看看下面的例子能分别出现什么结果:
  select * from table1 where name like *明*
    select * from table1 where name like %明%

大家会看到,前一条语句列出来的是所有的记录,而后一条记录列出来的是name字段中含有“明”的记录,
所以说,当我们作字符型字段包含一个子串的查询时最好采用“%”而不用“*”,用“*”的时候只在开头或者只在结尾时,而不能两端全由“*”代替任意字符的情况下。

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