Table of Contents
What do 1 and 2 represent in Linux? " >What do 1 and 2 represent in Linux?
" >About 2> The meaning of &1
为什么2>&1要放在后面" >为什么2>&1要放在后面
每次都写">log 2>&1"太麻烦,能简写吗?" >每次都写">log 2>&1"太麻烦,能简写吗?
Home Operation and Maintenance Linux Operation and Maintenance In-depth understanding of the meaning of 2>&1 in Linux shell (the most comprehensive on the entire network, you will understand after reading it)

In-depth understanding of the meaning of 2>&1 in Linux shell (the most comprehensive on the entire network, you will understand after reading it)

Aug 03, 2023 pm 04:14 PM
linux shell


What do 1 and 2 represent in Linux?

In Linux system 0 1 2 is a file descriptor

In-depth understanding of the meaning of 2>&1 in Linux shell (the most comprehensive on the entire network, you will understand after reading it)
##As can be seen from the above table, the

echo "hello" > t.log
Copy after login

we usually use can actually be written as

echo "hello" 1> t.log
Copy after login

About 2> The meaning of &1

I won’t go into details about input/output redirection in this article

  • 含义:将标准错误输出重定向到标准输出
  • 符号>&是一个整体,不可分开,分开后就不是上述含义了。
    • 比如有些人可能会这么想:2是标准错误输入,1是标准输出,>是重定向符号,那么"将标准错误输出重定向到标准输出"是不是就应该写成"2>1"就行了?是这样吗?
    • 如果是尝试过,你就知道2>1的写法其实是将标准错误输出重定向到名为"1"的文件里去了
  • 写成2&>1也是不可以的

为什么2>&1要放在后面

考虑如下一条shell命令

nohup java -jar app.jar >log 2>&1 &
Copy after login

(最后一个&表示把条命令放到后台执行,不是本文重点,不懂的可以自行Google)

为什么2>&1一定要写到>log后面,才表示标准错误输出和标准输出都定向到log中?

我们不妨把1和2都理解是一个指针,然后来看上面的语句就是这样的:

本来1----->屏幕 (1指向屏幕)
执行>log后, 1----->log (1指向log)
执行2>&1后, 2----->1 (2指向1,而1指向log,因此2也指向了log)
``
再来分析下
Copy after login

nohup java -jar app.jar 2>&1 >log &

本来1----->屏幕 (1指向屏幕)
执行2>&1后, 2----->1 (2指向1,而1指向屏幕,因此2也指向了屏幕)
执行>log后, 1----->log (1指向log,2还是指向屏幕)
Copy after login

所以这就不是我们想要的结果。

搜索公众号GitHub猿后台回复“打飞机”,获取一份惊喜礼包。

简单做个试验测试下上面的想法:

java代码如下:

public class Htest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("out1");
        System.err.println("error1");
    }
}
Copy after login

javac编译后运行下面指令:

java Htest 2>&1 > log
Copy after login

你会在终端上看到只输出了"error1",log文件中则只有"out1"

每次都写">log 2>&1"太麻烦,能简写吗?

有以下两种简写方式

&>log
>&log
Copy after login

比如上面小节中的写法就可以简写为:

nohup java -jar app.jar &>log &
Copy after login

上面两种方式都和">log 2>&1"一个语义。

那么 上面两种方式中&>和>&有区别吗?

语义上是没有任何区别的,但是第一中方式是最佳选择,一般使用第一种。

The above is the detailed content of In-depth understanding of the meaning of 2>&1 in Linux shell (the most comprehensive on the entire network, you will understand after reading it). For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap

Video Face Swap

Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1

Notepad++7.3.1

Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6

Dreamweaver CS6

Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Where to view the logs of Tigervnc on Debian Where to view the logs of Tigervnc on Debian Apr 13, 2025 am 07:24 AM

In Debian systems, the log files of the Tigervnc server are usually stored in the .vnc folder in the user's home directory. If you run Tigervnc as a specific user, the log file name is usually similar to xf:1.log, where xf:1 represents the username. To view these logs, you can use the following command: cat~/.vnc/xf:1.log Or, you can open the log file using a text editor: nano~/.vnc/xf:1.log Please note that accessing and viewing log files may require root permissions, depending on the security settings of the system.

How debian readdir integrates with other tools How debian readdir integrates with other tools Apr 13, 2025 am 09:42 AM

The readdir function in the Debian system is a system call used to read directory contents and is often used in C programming. This article will explain how to integrate readdir with other tools to enhance its functionality. Method 1: Combining C language program and pipeline First, write a C program to call the readdir function and output the result: #include#include#include#includeintmain(intargc,char*argv[]){DIR*dir;structdirent*entry;if(argc!=2){

Key Linux Operations: A Beginner's Guide Key Linux Operations: A Beginner's Guide Apr 09, 2025 pm 04:09 PM

Linux beginners should master basic operations such as file management, user management and network configuration. 1) File management: Use mkdir, touch, ls, rm, mv, and CP commands. 2) User management: Use useradd, passwd, userdel, and usermod commands. 3) Network configuration: Use ifconfig, echo, and ufw commands. These operations are the basis of Linux system management, and mastering them can effectively manage the system.

How to interpret the output results of Debian Sniffer How to interpret the output results of Debian Sniffer Apr 12, 2025 pm 11:00 PM

DebianSniffer is a network sniffer tool used to capture and analyze network packet timestamps: displays the time for packet capture, usually in seconds. Source IP address (SourceIP): The network address of the device that sent the packet. Destination IP address (DestinationIP): The network address of the device receiving the data packet. SourcePort: The port number used by the device sending the packet. Destinatio

How to recycle packages that are no longer used How to recycle packages that are no longer used Apr 13, 2025 am 08:51 AM

This article describes how to clean useless software packages and free up disk space in the Debian system. Step 1: Update the package list Make sure your package list is up to date: sudoaptupdate Step 2: View installed packages Use the following command to view all installed packages: dpkg--get-selections|grep-vdeinstall Step 3: Identify redundant packages Use the aptitude tool to find packages that are no longer needed. aptitude will provide suggestions to help you safely delete packages: sudoaptitudesearch '~pimportant' This command lists the tags

Debian Mail Server DNS Setup Guide Debian Mail Server DNS Setup Guide Apr 13, 2025 am 11:33 AM

To configure the DNS settings for the Debian mail server, you can follow these steps: Open the network configuration file: Use a text editor (such as vi or nano) to open the network configuration file /etc/network/interfaces. sudonano/etc/network/interfaces Find network interface configuration: Find the network interface to be modified in the configuration file. Normally, the configuration of the Ethernet interface is located in the ifeth0 block.

How Debian improves Hadoop data processing speed How Debian improves Hadoop data processing speed Apr 13, 2025 am 11:54 AM

This article discusses how to improve Hadoop data processing efficiency on Debian systems. Optimization strategies cover hardware upgrades, operating system parameter adjustments, Hadoop configuration modifications, and the use of efficient algorithms and tools. 1. Hardware resource strengthening ensures that all nodes have consistent hardware configurations, especially paying attention to CPU, memory and network equipment performance. Choosing high-performance hardware components is essential to improve overall processing speed. 2. Operating system tunes file descriptors and network connections: Modify the /etc/security/limits.conf file to increase the upper limit of file descriptors and network connections allowed to be opened at the same time by the system. JVM parameter adjustment: Adjust in hadoop-env.sh file

How to use Debian Apache logs to improve website performance How to use Debian Apache logs to improve website performance Apr 12, 2025 pm 11:36 PM

This article will explain how to improve website performance by analyzing Apache logs under the Debian system. 1. Log Analysis Basics Apache log records the detailed information of all HTTP requests, including IP address, timestamp, request URL, HTTP method and response code. In Debian systems, these logs are usually located in the /var/log/apache2/access.log and /var/log/apache2/error.log directories. Understanding the log structure is the first step in effective analysis. 2. Log analysis tool You can use a variety of tools to analyze Apache logs: Command line tools: grep, awk, sed and other command line tools.

See all articles