MySQL的WHERE语句中BETWEEN与IN的使用教程_MySQL
MySQL BETWEEN 用法
MySQL BETWEEN 语法
BETWEEN 运算符用于 WHERE 表达式中,选取介于两个值之间的数据范围。BETWEEN 同 AND 一起搭配使用,语法如下:
WHERE column BETWEEN value1 AND value2 WHERE column NOT BETWEEN value1 AND value2
通常 value1 应该小于 value2。当 BETWEEN 前面加上 NOT 运算符时,表示与 BETWEEN 相反的意思,即选取这个范围之外的值。
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BETWEEN 实例
选取 uid 在 2 到 5 之间的用户数据:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE uid BETWEEN 2 AND 5
返回查询结果如下:
除了数值类型外,BETWEEN 也支持字符串范围,如下选择出所有 username 介于 a 至 j 之间的用户(并包括单字母k/K):
SELECT * FROM user WHERE username BETWEEN 'a' AND 'k'
字符范围也支持汉字,但通常来说没什么意义。
MySQL BETWEEN 边界
虽然几乎所有的数据库都支持 BETWEEN ... AND 运算符,但不同的数据库对 BETWEEN ... AND 处理方式是有差异的。在 MySQL 中,BETWEEN 包含了 value1 和 value2 边界值,如上面选取 uid 在 2 到 5 之间的用户数据例子。
而有的数据库则不包含 value1 和 value2 边界值(类似于 > and
// int 时间戳格式,查询 2008-08-08 20:00:00 到 2009-01-01 零点之前的数据 SELECT * FROM table WHERE column_time BETWEEN 1218196800 AND 1230739199 // DATE 格式,查询 2008-08-08 到 2009-01-01 零点之前的数据 SELECT * FROM table WHERE column_time BETWEEN '2008-08-08' AND '2009-01-01' // DATETIME 格式,查询 2008-08-08 20:00:00 到 2009-01-01 零点之前的数据 SELECT * FROM table WHERE column_time BETWEEN '2008-08-08 20:00:00' AND '2008-12-31 23:59:59' 但对于查询到当前时间的数据,建议使用 >= 运算符: // DATETIME 格式,查询 2008-08-08 20:00:00 到当前时刻的数据 SELECT * FROM table WHERE column_time >= '2008-08-08 20:00:00'
可见,同样的需求,不同的字段类型,写法可能就不一样。从效率上来讲,int 时间戳格式效率最优。
以上 BETWEEN 的各个例子,虽然都是 SELECT 查询,但 BETWEEN 也可以用于 UPDATE、DELETE 等适用 WHERE 表达式的 SQL 中。
MySQL BETWEEN 数据比较
BETWEEN 还具有数据比较功能,语法如下:
expr BETWEEN min AND max
当 expr 表达式的值大于或等于 min 且小于或等于 max 时, BETWEEN 的返回值为 1 ,否则返回 0 。利用这个功能,可以判断一个表达式或值否则在某个区间:
// 返回 0 SELECT 1 BETWEEN 2 AND 3 // 返回 1 SELECT 'b' BETWEEN 'a' AND 'c' // 判断日期范围 SELECT 20080808 BETWEEN 20080101 AND 20090101
BETWEEN 与 <、
MySQL IN 用法
MySQL IN 语法
IN 运算符用于 WHERE 表达式中,以列表项的形式支持多个选择,语法如下:
WHERE column IN (value1,value2,...) WHERE column NOT IN (value1,value2,...)
当 IN 前面加上 NOT 运算符时,表示与 IN 相反的意思,即不在这些列表项内选择。
IN 使用实例
选取 uid 为 2、3、5 的用户数据:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE uid IN (2,3,5)
返回查询结果如下:
IN 子查询
更多情况下,IN 列表项的值是不明确的,而可能是通过一个子查询得到的:
SELECT * FROM article WHERE uid IN(SELECT uid FROM user WHERE status=0)
在这个 SQL 例子里,我们实现了查出所有状态为 0 的用户(可能是被禁止)的所有文章。首先通过一个查询得到所有所有 status=0 的用户:
SELECT uid FROM user WHERE status=0
然后将查询结果作为 IN 的列表项以实现最终的查询结果,注意在子查询中返回的结果必须是一个字段列表项。
IN 运算符补充说明
IN 列表项不仅支持数字,也支持字符甚至时间日期类型等,并且可以将这些不同类型的数据项混合排列而无须跟 column 的类型保持一致:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE uid IN(1,2,'3','c')
一个 IN 只能对一个字段进行范围比对,如果要指定更多字段,可以使用 AND 或 OR 逻辑运算符:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE uid IN(1,2) OR username IN('admin','5idev')
使用 AND 或 OR 逻辑运算符后,IN 还可以和其他如 LIKE、>=、= 等运算符一起使用。
关于 IN 运算符的效率问题
如果 IN 的列表项是确定的,那么可以用多个 OR 来代替:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE uid IN (2,3,5) // 等效为: SELECT * FROM user WHERE (uid=2 OR aid=3 OR aid=5)
一般认为,如果是对索引字段进行操作,使用 OR 效率高于 IN,但对于列表项不确定的时候(如需要子查询得到结果),就必须使用 IN 运算符。另外,对于子查询表数据小于主查询的时候,也是适用 IN 运算符的。
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