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mysql索引必须了解的几个重要问题_MySQL

May 27, 2016 pm 01:44 PM
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本文讲述了mysql索引必须了解的几个重要问题。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:

1、索引是做什么的?

索引用于快速找出在某个列中有一特定值的行。不使用索引,MySQL必须从第1条记录开始然后读完整个表直到找出相关的行。
表越大,花费的时间越多。如果表中查询的列有一个索引,MySQL能快速到达一个位置去搜寻到数据文件的中间,没有必要看所有数据。
大多数MySQL索引(PRIMARY KEY、UNIQUE、INDEX和FULLTEXT)在B树中存储。只是空间列类型的索引使用R-树,并且MEMORY表还支持hash索引。

2、索引好复杂,我该怎么理解索引,有没一个更形象点的例子?

有,想象一下,你面前有本词典,数据就是书的正文内容,你就是那个cpu,而索引,则是书的目录

3、索引越多越好?

大多数情况下索引能大幅度提高查询效率,但:

数据的变更(增删改)都需要维护索引,因此更多的索引意味着更多的维护成本

更多的索引意味着也需要更多的空间 (一本100页的书,却有50页目录?)

过小的表,建索引可能会更慢哦 :)  (读个2页的宣传手册,你还先去找目录?)

4、索引的字段类型问题

text类型,也可建索引(需指定长度)

myisam存储引擎索引键长度综合不能超过1000字节

用来筛选的值尽量保持和索引列同样的数据类型

5、like 不能用索引?

尽量减少like,但不是绝对不可用,"xxxx%" 是可以用到索引的,

想象一下,你在看一本成语词典,目录是按成语拼音顺序建立,查询需求是,你想找以 "一"字开头的成语("一%"),和你想找包含一字的成语("%一%")

除了like,以下操作符也可用到索引:

<,

6、什么样的字段不适合建索引?

一般来说,列的值唯一性太小(如性别,类型什么的),不适合建索引(怎样叫太小?一半说来,同值的数据超过表的百分之15,那就没必要建索引了)

太长的列,可以选择只建立部分索引,(如:只取前十位做索引)

更新非常频繁的数据不适宜建索引(怎样叫非常?意会)

7、一次查询能用多个索引吗?

不能

8、多列查询该如何建索引?

一次查询只能用到一个索引,所以 首先枪毙 a,b各建索引方案
a还是b? 谁的区分度更高(同值的最少),建谁!
当然,联合索引也是个不错的方案,ab,还是ba,则同上,区分度高者,在前

9、联合索引的问题?

where a = "xxx" 可以使用 AB 联合索引
where b = "xxx" 则不可 (再想象一下,这是书的目录?)
所以,大多数情况下,有AB索引了,就可以不用在去建一个A索引了

10、哪些常见情况不能用索引?

like "%xxx"

not in , !=

对列进行函数运算的情况(如 where md5(password) = "xxxx")

WHERE index=1 OR A=10

存了数值的字符串类型字段(如手机号),查询时记得不要丢掉值的引号,否则无法用到该字段相关索引,反之则没关系

也即

select * from test where mobile = 13711112222;
Copy after login

可是无法用到mobile字段的索引的哦(如果mobile是char 或 varchar类型的话)

btw,千万不要尝试用int来存手机号(为什么?自己想!要不自己试试)

11、覆盖索引(Covering Indexes)拥有更高效率

索引包含了所需的全部值的话,就只select 他们,换言之,只select 需要用到的字段,如无必要,可尽量避免select *

12、NULL 的问题

NULL会导致索引形同虚设,所以在设计表结构时应避免NULL 的存在(用其他方式表达你想表达的NULL,比如 -1?)

13、如何查看索引信息,如何分析是否正确用到索引?

show index from tablename;
explain select ……;
Copy after login

关于explain,改天可以找个时间专门写一篇入门帖,在此之前,可以尝试 google

14、了解自己的系统,不要过早优化!

过早优化,一直是个非常讨厌而又时刻存在的问题,大多数时候就是因为不了解自己的系统,不知道自己系统真正的承载能力

比如:几千条数据的新闻表,每天几百几千次的正文搜索,大多数时候我们可以放心的去like,而不要又去建一套全文搜索什么的,毕竟cpu还是比人脑厉害太多

15、分享个小案例:

曾经有个朋友找板子,说:大师帮看看,公司网站打不开
板子笑了笑:大师可不敢当啊,待我看看再说
板子花了10分钟分析了下:中小型企业站,量不大(两三万pv每天),独立服务器,数据量不大(100M不到),应该不至于太慢
某个外包团队做的项目,年久失修,彻底改造?不现实!
于是,板子花了20分钟给可以加索引的字段都加上了索引,于是,世界安静了
朋友说:另外一个哥们说,优化至少得2w外包费,你只用30分钟,看来,大师你是当之无愧了,选个最好的餐馆吧
板子:那就来点西餐吧,常熟路地铁站肯德基等你!

16、最后:永远别忘记的关键词 sql注入

以上就是mysql索引必须了解的几个重要问题_MySQL的内容,更多相关内容请关注PHP中文网(www.php.cn)!


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