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ECMAScript 变量无需明确的类型声明 
变量声明不是必须的
Home Web Front-end Front-end Q&A Do I need to declare variables when using ecmascript?

Do I need to declare variables when using ecmascript?

Jan 27, 2022 am 11:31 AM
ecmascript variable declaration

ecmascript使用变量不需要声明。在ecmascript中,使用变量之前不必声明,变量声明不是必须的;原因:ECMAScript的解释程序遇到未声明过的标识符时,会用该变量名创建一个全局变量,并将其初始化为指定的值。

Do I need to declare variables when using ecmascript?

本教程操作环境:windows7系统、ECMAScript 6版、Dell G3电脑。

ECMAScript 变量无需明确的类型声明 

变量名需要遵守一些简单的规则。

声明变量

ECMAScript 中的变量是用 var 运算符(variable 的缩写)加变量名定义的。例如:

var test = "hi";
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在这个例子中,声明了变量 test,并把它的值初始化为 "hi"(字符串)。由于 ECMAScript 是弱类型的,所以解释程序会为 test 自动创建一个字符串值,无需明确的类型声明。

还可以用一个 var 语句定义两个或多个变量:

var test1 = "hi", test2 = "hello";
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前面的代码定义了变量 test1,初始值为 "hi",还定义了变量 test2,初始值为 "hello"。

不过用同一个 var 语句定义的变量不必具有相同的类型,如下所示:

var test = "hi", age = 25;
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这个例子除了(再次)定义 test 外,还定义了 age,并把它初始化为 25。即使 test 和 age 属于两种不同的数据类型,在 ECMAScript 中这样定义也是完全合法的。

与 Java 不同,ECMAScript 中的变量并不一定要初始化(它们是在幕后初始化的,将在后面讨论这一点)。因此,下面这一行代码也是有效的:

var test;
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此外,与 Java 不同的还有变量可以存放不同类型的值。这是弱类型变量的优势。例如,可以把变量初始化为字符串类型的值,之后把它设置为数字值,如下所示:

var test = "hi";
alert(test);
test = 55;
alert(test);
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这段代码将毫无问题地输出字符串值和数字值。但是,如前所述,使用变量时,好的编码习惯是始终存放相同类型的值。

命名变量

变量名需要遵守两条简单的规则:

  • 第一个字符必须是字母、下划线(_)或美元符号($)
  • 余下的字符可以是下划线、美元符号或任何字母或数字字符

下面的变量都是合法的:

var test;
var $test;
var $1;
var _$te$t2;
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著名的变量命名规则

只是因为变量名的语法正确,并不意味着就该使用它们。变量还应遵守以下某条著名的命名规则:

Camel 标记法

首字母是小写的,接下来的字母都以大写字符开头。例如:

var myTestValue = 0, mySecondValue = "hi"; 
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Pascal 标记法

首字母是大写的,接下来的字母都以大写字符开头。例如:

var MyTestValue = 0, MySecondValue = "hi";
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匈牙利类型标记法

在以 Pascal 标记法命名的变量前附加一个小写字母(或小写字母序列),说明该变量的类型。例如,i 表示整数,s 表示字符串,如下所示“

var iMyTestValue = 0, sMySecondValue = "hi"; 
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本教程采用了这些前缀,以使示例代码更易阅读:

类型前缀示例
数组aaValues
布尔型bbFound
浮点型(数字)ffValue
函数fnfnMethod
整型(数字)iiValue
对象ooType
正则表达式rerePattern
字符串ssValue
变型(可以是任何类型)vvValue

变量声明不是必须的

ECMAScript 另一个有趣的方面(也是与大多数程序设计语言的主要区别),是在使用变量之前不必声明。例如:

var sTest = "hello ";
sTest2 = sTest + "world";
alert(sTest2);
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在上面的代码中,首先,sTest 被声明为字符串类型的值 "hello"。接下来的一行,用变量 sTest2 把 sTest 与字符串 "world" 连在一起。变量 sTest2 并没有用 var 运算符定义,这里只是插入了它,就像已经声明过它一样。

ECMAScript 的解释程序遇到未声明过的标识符时,用该变量名创建一个全局变量,并将其初始化为指定的值。

这是该语言的便利之处,不过如果不能紧密跟踪变量,这样做也很危险。最好的习惯是像使用其他程序设计语言一样,总是声明所有变量。

【相关推荐:javascript学习教程

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