Table of Contents
目录
前面的话
定义
堆叠规则
堆叠上下文
兼容
Home Web Front-end HTML Tutorial 深入理解CSS定位中的堆叠z-index - 小火柴的蓝色理想

深入理解CSS定位中的堆叠z-index - 小火柴的蓝色理想

May 21, 2016 am 08:42 AM

前面的话

  对于所有定位,最后都不免遇到两个元素试图放在同一位置上的情况。显然,其中一个必须盖住另一个。但,如何控制哪个元素放在上层,这就引入了属性z-index

 

定义

  利用z-index,可以改变元素相互覆盖的顺序。这个属性的名字由坐标系统得来,其中从左向右是x轴,从上到下是y轴。从屏幕到用户是z轴。在这个坐标系中,较高z-index值的元素比较低z-index值的元素离用户更近,这会导致较高z-index值的元素覆盖其他元素,这也称为堆叠或叠放

z-index

  值: | auto | inherit

  初始值: auto

  应用于: 定位元素

  继承性: 无

  [注意]z-index应用于定位元素是CSS2的规范,到了CSS3标准,z-index的应用范围扩大了不少

  [注意]所有整数都可以作为z-index的值,包括负数。如果为元素指定一个负z-index值,会将其移到离读者更远的位置,会移到叠放栈的更低层

 

堆叠规则

  对于CSS2.1来说,页面元素的堆叠规则如下图所示:

定位元素的堆叠规则

  [1]对于定位元素(position不是static的元素)来说,不设置z-index或z-index相同时,后面元素覆盖前面元素

  [2]对于处于同一堆叠上下文中的同一层次的元素来说,默认z-index较大值覆盖z-index较小值

 

堆叠上下文

  一旦为一个元素指定了z-index值(不是auto),该元素会建立自己的局部堆叠上下文。这意味着,元素的所有后代相对于该祖先元素都有其自己的叠放顺序

  [注意]auto值指当前堆叠上下文中生成的栈层次与其父框的层次相同,这个框不会建立新的局部叠放上下文。z-index:auto与z-index:0的值相等,但z-index:0会建立新的局部堆叠上下文

默认样式

<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="box1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">ul </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="list1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="one"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>1<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="two"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>2<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="three"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>3<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="four"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>4<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">ul</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">ul </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="list2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="five"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>5<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="six"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>6<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">ul</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>    
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="box2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="seven"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>7<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="eight"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>8<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: #800000;">.box1</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
.box2</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> auto</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
.list1</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 2</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
.list2</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#one</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> -1</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#two</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#three</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 0</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#four</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> auto</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#five</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 2</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#six</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#seven</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 2</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#eight</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> -1</span>;}
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<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">堆叠顺序</span>
.box1                  <span style="color: #800080;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list1           </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list1 #one      </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span>,-<span style="color: #800080;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list1 #two      </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list1 #three    </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">0</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list1 #four     </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;">,auto
.box1 .list2           </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list2 #five     </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list2 #six      </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box2                  auto
.box2 #seven           auto,</span><span style="color: #800080;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box2 #eight           auto,</span>-<span style="color: #800080;">1</span>
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  [注意]auto,2和auto,-1相当于2和-1,因为auto代表未产生堆叠上下文。则#seven和#eight相当于和它们的父级.box2以及.box1处于同一层次

  元素不会叠放在其堆叠上下文(即定位父级z-index为数字值)的背景之下,但可以叠放在其内容之下;当元素没有处于堆叠上下文中,元素不会叠放在

元素的背景之下,但可以叠放在其内容之下

 

兼容

【1】IE7-浏览器z-index的默认值是0

  一般地,定位元素的z-index的默认值是auto,而IE7-浏览器定位元素的z-index的默认值是0,二者的区别于IE7-浏览器的定位元素会自动生成堆叠上下文

<span style="color: #800000;">div</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> absolute</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    border</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1px solid black</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">    
.div1</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 300px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> pink</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">
.div2</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightgreen</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    top</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 50px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    left</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 50px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 200px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 200px</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">
.in2</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 150px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightblue</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 2</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    border</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> none</span>;
}
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<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="div1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="div2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="in2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span>
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  一般地,div1的堆叠顺序为1;div2的堆叠顺序为auto;in2的堆叠顺序为auto,2相当于2。所以覆盖层次为in2 覆盖 div1 覆盖 div2。但在IE7-浏览器中,div1的堆叠顺序为1;div2的堆叠顺序为0;in2的堆叠顺序为0,2。所以覆盖层次为div1 覆盖 in2 覆盖 div2

  左边为其他浏览器图示,右边为IE7-浏览器图示

 

【2】IE6-浏览器关于z-index的一个怪异bug

  当元素本身浮动且不是定位元素(position不是static),元素父级是relative,则在IE6-浏览器在无论该元素的父级的z-index如何设置都不起作用

<span style="color: #800000;">.div1</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> absolute</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> pink</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">
.box</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> relative</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">2</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">
.div2</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    float</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> left</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 150px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 50px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightgreen</span>;
}
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<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="div1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="box"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="div2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>    
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span>
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  左边是IE6浏览器结果,右边是其他浏览器结果

解决方法

  [1]元素去除浮动

  [2]父级元素的相对定位改成绝对定位

  [3]元素添加position属性(static除外)

  以上三个方法任一方法都可以,其实就是在破坏bug成立的条件

 

【3】IE6-浏览器下select的z-index无效而遮挡div

  IE6-浏览器下select设置z-index无效,且默认会堆叠在div上

<span style="color: #800000;">.box</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    left</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 30px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">2</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> absolute</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> pink</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">
select</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> absolute</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">1</span>;
}
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<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="box"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">select </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">name</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="select"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="slt1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">option </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">value</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>第一项<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">option</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">option </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">value</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>第二项<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">option</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">select</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span></span>
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  左边是IE6浏览器结果,右边是其他浏览器结果

解决方法

  在IE6-浏览器中,虽然div无法覆盖select,但是iframe可以select。所以可以设置一个与div宽高相同的iframe。让div覆盖iframe,iframe覆盖select,最终达到select被div覆盖的效果

<span style="color: #800000;">iframe</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    left</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 30px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> absolute</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 2</span>;
}
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iframe src="#" frameborder="0">iframe>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="box"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">select </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">name</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="select"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="slt1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">option </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">value</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>第一项<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">option</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">option </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">value</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>第二项<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">option</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">select</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span></span>
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The future of HTML is full of infinite possibilities. 1) New features and standards will include more semantic tags and the popularity of WebComponents. 2) The web design trend will continue to develop towards responsive and accessible design. 3) Performance optimization will improve the user experience through responsive image loading and lazy loading technologies.

HTML vs. CSS vs. JavaScript: A Comparative Overview HTML vs. CSS vs. JavaScript: A Comparative Overview Apr 16, 2025 am 12:04 AM

The roles of HTML, CSS and JavaScript in web development are: HTML is responsible for content structure, CSS is responsible for style, and JavaScript is responsible for dynamic behavior. 1. HTML defines the web page structure and content through tags to ensure semantics. 2. CSS controls the web page style through selectors and attributes to make it beautiful and easy to read. 3. JavaScript controls web page behavior through scripts to achieve dynamic and interactive functions.

HTML: Building the Structure of Web Pages HTML: Building the Structure of Web Pages Apr 14, 2025 am 12:14 AM

HTML is the cornerstone of building web page structure. 1. HTML defines the content structure and semantics, and uses, etc. tags. 2. Provide semantic markers, such as, etc., to improve SEO effect. 3. To realize user interaction through tags, pay attention to form verification. 4. Use advanced elements such as, combined with JavaScript to achieve dynamic effects. 5. Common errors include unclosed labels and unquoted attribute values, and verification tools are required. 6. Optimization strategies include reducing HTTP requests, compressing HTML, using semantic tags, etc.

HTML vs. CSS and JavaScript: Comparing Web Technologies HTML vs. CSS and JavaScript: Comparing Web Technologies Apr 23, 2025 am 12:05 AM

HTML, CSS and JavaScript are the core technologies for building modern web pages: 1. HTML defines the web page structure, 2. CSS is responsible for the appearance of the web page, 3. JavaScript provides web page dynamics and interactivity, and they work together to create a website with a good user experience.

HTML: Is It a Programming Language or Something Else? HTML: Is It a Programming Language or Something Else? Apr 15, 2025 am 12:13 AM

HTMLisnotaprogramminglanguage;itisamarkuplanguage.1)HTMLstructuresandformatswebcontentusingtags.2)ItworkswithCSSforstylingandJavaScriptforinteractivity,enhancingwebdevelopment.

From Text to Websites: The Power of HTML From Text to Websites: The Power of HTML Apr 13, 2025 am 12:07 AM

HTML is a language used to build web pages, defining web page structure and content through tags and attributes. 1) HTML organizes document structure through tags, such as,. 2) The browser parses HTML to build the DOM and renders the web page. 3) New features of HTML5, such as, enhance multimedia functions. 4) Common errors include unclosed labels and unquoted attribute values. 5) Optimization suggestions include using semantic tags and reducing file size.

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