


Detailed introduction to basic learning of Linux shell scripts (6)
4)函数
如果您写了一些稍微复杂一些的程序,您就会发现在程序中可能在几个地方使用了相同的代码,并且您也会发现,如果我们使用了函数,会方便很多。一个函数是这个样子的:
functionname() { # inside the body $1 is the first argument given to the function # $2 the second ... body }
您需要在每个程序的开始对函数进行声明。
下面是一个叫做xtitlebar的脚本,使用这个脚本您可以改变终端窗口的名称。
这里使用了一个叫做help的函数。正如您可以看到的那样,这个定义的函数被使用了两次。
#!/bin/sh # vim: set sw=4 ts=4 et: help() { cat < xtitlebar -- change the name of an xterm, gnome-terminal or kde konsole USAGE: xtitlebar [-h] "string_for_titelbar" OPTIONS: -h help text EXAMPLE: xtitlebar "cvs" HELP exit 0 } # in case of error or if -h is given we call the function help: [ -z "$1" ] && help [ "$1" = "-h" ] && help # send the escape sequence to change the xterm titelbar: echo -e "33]0;$107" #
在脚本中提供帮助是一种很好的编程习惯,这样方便其他用户(和您)使用和理解脚本。
命令行参数
我们已经见过$* 和 $1, $2 ... $9 等特殊变量,这些特殊变量包含了用户从命令行输入的参数。迄今为止,我们仅仅了解了一些简单的命令行语法(比如一些强制性的参数和查看帮助的-h选项)。 但是在编写更复杂的程序时,您可能会发现您需要更多的自定义的选项。通常的惯例是在所有可选的参数之前加一个减号,后面再加上参数值 (比如文件名)
。
有好多方法可以实现对输入参数的分析,但是下面的使用case表达式的例子无遗是一个不错的方法。
#!/bin/sh help() { cat < This is a generic command line parser demo. USAGE EXAMPLE: cmdparser -l hello -f -- -somefile1 somefile2 HELP exit 0 } while [ -n "$1" ]; do case $1 in -h) help;shift 1;; # function help is called -f) opt_f=1;shift 1;; # variable opt_f is set -l) opt_l=$2;shift 2;; # -l takes an argument -> shift by 2 --) shift;break;; # end of options -*) echo "error: no such option $1. -h for help";exit 1;; *) break;; esac done echo "opt_f is $opt_f" echo "opt_l is $opt_l" echo "first arg is $1" echo "2nd arg is $2"
您可以这样运行该脚本:
cmdparser -l hello -f -- -somefile1 somefile2
返回的结果是:
opt_f is 1 opt_l is hello first arg is -somefile1 2nd arg is somefile2
这个脚本是如何工作的呢?脚本首先在所有输入命令行参数中进行循环,将输入参数与case表达式进行比较,如果匹配则设置一个变量并且移除该参数。根据unix系统的惯例,首先输入的应该是包含减号的参数。
以上就是详细介绍Linux shell脚本基础学习(六)的内容,更多相关内容请关注PHP中文网(www.php.cn)!

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