PHP 设计模式系列 -- 命令模式(Command)
1、模式定义
命令模式(Command)将请求封装成对象,从而使你可用不同的请求对客户进行参数化;对请求排队或记录请求日志,以及支持可撤消的操作。这么说很抽象,我们举个例子:
假设我们有一个调用者类 Invoker 和一个接收调用请求的类 Receiver,在两者之间我们使用命令类 Command 的 execute 方法来托管请求调用方法,这样,调用者 Invoker 只知道调用命令类的 execute 方法来处理客户端请求,从而实现接收者 Receiver 与调用者 Invoker 的解耦。
Laravel 中的Artisan 命令就使用了命令模式。
2、UML类图
3、示例代码
CommandInterface.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command;/** * CommandInterface */interface CommandInterface{ /** * 在命令模式中这是最重要的方法, * Receiver在构造函数中传入. */ public function execute();}
HelloCommand.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command;/** * 这是一个调用Receiver的print方法的命令实现类, * 但是对于调用者而言,只知道调用命令类的execute方法 */class HelloCommand implements CommandInterface{ /** * @var Receiver */ protected $output; /** * 每一个具体的命令基于不同的Receiver * 它们可以是一个、多个,甚至完全没有Receiver * * @param Receiver $console */ public function __construct(Receiver $console) { $this->output = $console; } /** * 执行并输出 "Hello World" */ public function execute() { // 没有Receiver的时候完全通过命令类来实现功能 $this->output->write('Hello World'); }}
Receiver.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command;/** * Receiver类 */class Receiver{ /** * @param string $str */ public function write($str) { echo $str; }}
Invoker.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command;/** * Invoker类 */class Invoker{ /** * @var CommandInterface */ protected $command; /** * 在调用者中我们通常可以找到这种订阅命令的方法 * * @param CommandInterface $cmd */ public function setCommand(CommandInterface $cmd) { $this->command = $cmd; } /** * 执行命令 */ public function run() { $this->command->execute(); }}
4、测试代码
Tests/CommandTest.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command\Tests;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command\Invoker;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command\Receiver;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command\HelloCommand;/** * CommandTest在命令模式中扮演客户端角色 */class CommandTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase{ /** * @var Invoker */ protected $invoker; /** * @var Receiver */ protected $receiver; protected function setUp() { $this->invoker = new Invoker(); $this->receiver = new Receiver(); } public function testInvocation() { $this->invoker->setCommand(new HelloCommand($this->receiver)); $this->expectOutputString('Hello World'); $this->invoker->run(); }}
5、总结
命令模式就是将一组对象的相似行为,进行了抽象,将调用者与被调用者之间进行解耦,提高了应用的灵活性。命令模式将调用的目标对象的一些异构性给封装起来,通过统一的方式来为调用者提供服务。

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