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开发大型PHP项目的方法(一)

Jun 21, 2016 am 09:10 AM
function php quot this

项目

这篇文章介绍了在PHP中的面向对象编程(OOP,Object Oriented Programming)。我将向你演示如何通过使用一些OOP的概念和PHP的技巧来减少编码和提高质量。祝你好运!

面向对象编程的概念:
不同的作者之间说法可能不一样,但是一个OOP语言必须有以下几方面:

抽象数据类型和信息封装
继承
多态

在PHP中是通过类来完成封装的: ---------------------------------------------------class Something {
// 在OOP类中,通常第一个字符为大写
var $x;
function setX($v) {
// 方法开始为小写单词,然后使用大写字母来分隔单词,例如getValueOfArea()
$this->x=$v;
}
function getX() {
return $this->x;
}
}
?>---------------------------------------------------

  当然你可以按自已的喜好进行定义,但最好保持一种标准,这样会更有效。

  数据成员在类中使用"var"声明来定义,在给数据成员赋值之前,它们是没有类型的。一个数据成员可
以是一个整数,一个数组,一个相关数组(associative array)或者是一个对象。

  方法在类中被定义成函数形式,在方法中访问类成员变量时,你应该使用$this->name,否则对一个方
法来说,它只能是局部变量。

  使用new操作符来创建一个对象:

  $obj=new Something;

  然后你可以使用成员函数通过:

  $obj->setX(5);
  $see=$obj->getX();

  在这个例子中,setX成员函数将5赋值给对象的成员变量x(不是类的),然后getX返回它的值5。

  你可以象:$obj->x=6那样通过类引用方式来存取数据成员,这不是一个很好的OOP习惯。我强烈建议通
过方法来存取成员变量。如果你把成员变量看成是不可处理的,并且只通过对象句柄来使用方法,你将是一
个好的OOP程序员。不幸的是,PHP不支持声明私有成员变量,所以不良代码在PHP中也是允许的。

  继承在PHP中很容易实现,只要使用extend关键字。



-----------------------------------------------------

class Another extends Something {
var $y;
function setY($v) {
$this->y=$v;
}
function getY() {
return $this->y;
}
}

?>---------------------------------------------------

"Another"类的对象现在拥有了父类(Something)的全部的数据成员及方法,而且还加上了自已的数据成 员和方法。

你可以使用
$obj2=new Something;
$obj2->setX(6);
$obj2->setY(7);

PHP现在还不支持多重继承,所以你不能从两个或两个以上类派生出新的类来。

你可以在派生类中重定义一个方法,如果我们在"Another"类中重定义了getX方法,我们就不能使 用"Something"中的getX方法了。如果你在派生类中声明了一个与基派同名的数据成员,那么当你处理它时, 它将“隐藏”基类的数据成员。

你可以在你的类中定义构造函数。构造函数是一个与类名同名的方法,当你创建一个类的对象时会被调 用,例如:
-----------------------------------------------------

class Something {
var $x;

function Something($y) {
$this->x=$y;
}

function setX($v) {
$this->x=$v;
}

function getX() {
return $this->x;
}
}

?>---------------------------------------------------

  所以你可以创建一个对象,通过:

  $obj=new Something(6);

  构造函数会自动地把6赋值给数据变量x。构造函数和方法都是普通的PHP函数,所以你可以使用缺省参数。

  function Something($x="3",$y="5")

  接着:

   $obj=new Something(); // x=3 and y=5
  $obj=new Something(8); // x=8 and y=5
  $obj=new Something(8,9); // x=8 and y=9


  缺省参数使用C++的方式,所以你不能忽略Y的值,而给X一个缺省参数,参数是从左到右赋值的,如果
传入的参数少于要求的参数时,其作的将使用缺省参数。

  当一个派生类的对象被创建时,只有它的构造函数被调用,父类的构造函数没被调用,如果你想调用基
类的构造函数,你必须要在派生类的构造函数中显示调用。可以这样做是因为在派生类中所有父类的方法都
是可用的。

-----------------------------------------------------

function Another() {
$this->y=5;
$this->Something();
//显示调用基类构造函数
}

?>---------------------------------------------------

  OOP的一个很好的机制是使用抽象类。抽象类是不能实例化,只能提供给派生类一个接口。设计者通常
使用抽象类来强迫程序员从基类派生,这样可以确保新的类包含一些期待的功能。在PHP中没有标准的方法,
但是:

  如果你需要这个特性,可以通过定义基类,并在它的构造函数后加上"die" 的调用,这样就可以保证基
类是不可实例化的,现在在每一个方法(接口)后面加上"die" 语句,所以,如果一个程序员在派生类中没有
覆盖方法,将引发一个错误。而且因为PHP 是无类型的,你可能需要确认一个对象是来自于你的基类的派生
类,那么在基类中增加一个方法来实义类的身份(返回某种标识id),并且在你接收到一个对象参数时校验
这个值。当然,如果一个邪恶不好的程序员在派生类中覆盖了这个方法,这种方法就不起作用了,不过一般
问题多发现在懒惰的程序员身上,而不是邪恶的程序员。

  当然,能够让基类对程序员无法看到是很好的,只要将接口打印出来做他们的工作就可以了。

  在PHP中没有析构函数。
 重载(与覆盖不同)在PHP中不支持。在OOP中,你可以重载一个方法来实现两个或重多的方法具有相同
的名字,但是有不同数量或类型的参数(这要看语言)。PHP 是一种松散类型的语言,所以通过类型重载不
起作用,然而通过参数的个数不同来重载也不起作用。

  有时在OOP中重载构造函数非常好,这样你可以通过不同的方法创建对象(传递不同数量的参数)。在PHP
中实现它的技巧是:

-----------------------------------------------------

class Myclass {
function Myclass() {
$name="Myclass".func_num_args();
$this->$name();

//注意$this->name()一般是错误的,但是在这里$name是一个将被调用方法的名字
}
function Myclass1($x) {
code;
}
function Myclass2($x,$y) {
code;
}
}

?>---------------------------------------------------

  通过在类中的额外的处理,使用这个类对用户是透明的:

   $obj1=new Myclass('1'); //将调用Myclass1

  $obj2=new Myclass('1','2'); //将调用Myclass2


  有时这个非常好用。

待续...



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