php SQL 防注入的一些经验
原文 http://www.cnblogs.com/liuzhang/p/4753467.html
产生原因
一方面自己没这方面的意识,有些数据没有经过严格的验证,然后直接拼接 SQL 去查询。导致漏洞产生,比如:
$id = $_GET['id']; $sql = "SELECT name FROM users WHERE id = $id";
因为没有对 $_GET['id'] 做数据类型验证,注入者可提交任何类型的数据,比如 " and 1= 1 or " 等不安全的数据。如果按照下面方式写,就安全一些。
$id = intval($_GET['id']); $sql = "SELECT name FROM users WHERE id = $id";
把 id 转换成 int 类型,就可以去掉不安全的东西。
验证数据
防止注入的第一步就是验证数据,可以根据相应类型进行严格的验证。比如 int 类型直接同过 intval 进行转换就行:
$id =intval( $_GET['id']);
字符处理起来比较复杂些,首先通过 sprintf 函数格式话输出,确保它是一个字符串。然后通过一些安全函数去掉一些不合法的字符,比如:
$str = addslashes(sprintf("%s",$str)); //也可以用 mysqli_real_escape_string 函数替代addslashes
这样处理以后会比较安全。当然还可以进一步去判断字符串长度,去防止「 缓冲区溢出攻击 」比如:
$str = addslashes(sprintf("%s",$str)); $str = substr($str,0,40); //最大长度为40
参数化绑定
参数化绑定,防止 SQL 注入的又一道屏障。php MySQLi 和 PDO 均提供这样的功能。比如 MySQLi 可以这样去查询:
$mysqli = new mysqli('localhost', 'my_user', 'my_password', 'world');$stmt = $mysqli->prepare("INSERT INTO CountryLanguage VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)");$code = 'DEU';$language = 'Bavarian';$official = "F";$percent = 11.2;$stmt->bind_param('sssd', $code, $language, $official, $percent);
PDO 的更是方便,比如:
/* Execute a prepared statement by passing an array of values */$sql = 'SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit WHERE calories < :calories AND colour = :colour'; $sth = $dbh->prepare($sql, array(PDO::ATTR_CURSOR => PDO::CURSOR_FWDONLY));$sth->execute(array(':calories' => 150, ':colour' => 'red'));$red = $sth->fetchAll();$sth->execute(array(':calories' => 175, ':colour' => 'yellow'));$yellow = $sth->fetchAll();
我们多数使用 php 的框架进行编程,所以最好不要自己拼写 SQL,按照框架给定参数绑定进行查询。遇到较为复杂的 SQL 语句,一定要自己拼写的时候,一定要注意严格的判断。没有用 PDO 或者 MySQLi 也可以自己写个 prepared,比如 wordprss db 查询语句,可以看出也是经过严格的类型验证。
function prepare( $query, $args ) { if ( is_null( $query ) ) return; // This is not meant to be foolproof -- but it will catch obviously incorrect usage. if ( strpos( $query, '%' ) === false ) { _doing_it_wrong( 'wpdb::prepare' , sprintf ( __( 'The query argument of %s must have a placeholder.' ), 'wpdb::prepare()' ), '3.9' ); } $args = func_get_args(); array_shift( $args ); // If args were passed as an array (as in vsprintf), move them up if ( isset( $args[ 0] ) && is_array( $args[0]) ) $args = $args [0]; $query = str_replace( "'%s'", '%s' , $query ); // in case someone mistakenly already singlequoted it $query = str_replace( '"%s"', '%s' , $query ); // doublequote unquoting $query = preg_replace( '|(?<!%)%f|' , '%F' , $query ); // Force floats to be locale unaware $query = preg_replace( '|(?<!%)%s|', "'%s'" , $query ); // quote the strings, avoiding escaped strings like %%s array_walk( $args, array( $this, 'escape_by_ref' ) ); return @ vsprintf( $query, $args );}
总结
安全性很重要,也可以看出一个人基本功,项目漏洞百出,扩展性和可维护性再好也没有用。平时多留意,树立安全意识,养成一种习惯,一些基本的安全当然也不会占用用 coding 的时间。养成这个习惯,即便在项目急,时间短的情况一下,依然可以做的质量很高。不要等到自己以后负责的东西,数据库都被拿走了,造成损失才重视。共勉!

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