php基础知识:类与对象(1)
类的定义:
以关键字 class 开头,后面跟着类名,可以是任何非 PHP 保留字的名字。后面跟着一对花括号,里面包含有类成员和方法的定义。
伪变量$this
可以在当一个方法在对象内部调用时使用。$this 是一个到调用对象(通常是方法所属于的对象,但也可以是另一个对象,如果该方法是从第二个对象内静态调用的话)的引用。
//??静态调用的内部到底是怎样的?
看个例子:
class A
{
function foo()
{
if (isset($this)) {
echo '$this is defined (';
echo get_class($this);
echo ")\n";
} else {
echo "\$this is not defined.\n";
}
}
}
class B
{
function bar()
{
A::foo();
}
}
$a = new A();
$a->foo();
A::foo();
$b = new B();
$b->bar();
B::bar();
输出结果为:
$this is defined (a)
$this is not defined.
$this is defined (b)
$this is not defined.
/*我希望知道这个例子的内存等的具体实现,我暂时无法理解。如果有人可以讲清楚,可以告诉我。我们宿舍牛头现在正在冬眠,等他醒来,我会问。*/
new
要创建一个对象的实例,必须创建一个新对象并将其赋给一个变量。当创建新对象时该对象总是被赋值,除非该对象定义了构造函数并且在出错时抛出了一个异常。
当把一个对象已经创建的实例赋给一个新变量时,新变量会访问同一个实例,就和用该对象赋值一样。此行为和给函数传递入实例时一样。可以用克隆给一个已创建的对象建立一个新实例。
(这几句话虽然很短,但是未必容易理解。)
例子如下:
class SimpleClass
{
// 成员声明
public $var = 'a default value';
// 方法声明
public function displayVar() {
echo $this->var;
}
}
//看下面的图.1>new 在heap(堆)中实例化一个对象。2>将指针$instance指向他
$instance = new SimpleClass();
//3>将指针$assigned指向heap中的实例化对象
$assigned = $instance;
//4>将$instance的引用(地址)赋值给$reference
$reference =& $instance;
$instance->var = '$assigned will have this value';
$instance = null; // 5>间断$instance与heap中实例的连接。
var_dump($instance);
var_dump($reference);
var_dump($assigned);
输出:
NULL
NULL
object(SimpleClass)#1 (1) {
["var"]=>
string(30) "$assigned will have this value"
}
图示整个过程:
类继承extends
一个类可以在声明中用 extends 关键字继承另一个类的方法和成员。不能扩展多个类,只能继承一个基类。
被继承的方法和成员可以通过用同样的名字重新声明被覆盖,除非父类定义方法时使用了 final 关键字。可以通过 parent:: 来访问被覆盖的方法或成员。(继承的机制到底怎样的?)
源代码如下:
class ExtendClass extends SimpleClass
{
// Redefine the parent method
function displayVar()
{
echo "Extending class\n";
parent::displayVar();
}
}
$extended = new ExtendClass();
$extended->displayVar();
输出:
Extending class
a default value

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