深入了解PHP内核(五)变量及数据类型-变量的结构和类型
深入理解PHP内核(五)变量及数据类型-变量的结构和类型
原文链接:http://www.orlion.ga/238/
编程语言的类型可以分为强类型和弱类型两种,PHP是弱类型语言,但是C语言是强类型语言。在官网PHP实现内部,所有变量使用同一种数据结构(zval)来保存,这个结构表示PHP中的各种数据类型,它不仅包含变量的值,也包含变量的类型。这就是PHP弱类型的核心。
那zval结构是如何实现弱类型的呢?
一、PHP变量类型及存储结构
PHP在声明和使用变量的时候,并不需要指明其数据类型,PHP是弱类型语言,但是PHP有类型,PHP有八中数据类型,可以分成三类:标量类型:boolean、integer、float(double) string;复合类型:array、object;特殊类型:resource、NULL
C语言是如何实现PHP中的弱类型的呢?
1、变量存储结构
变量的值存储到如下所示的zval结构体中,zval结构体定义在Zend/zend.h文件,其结构如下:
typedef struct _zval_struct zval;...struct _zval_struct { /* Variable information */ zvalue_value value; /* value */ zend_uint refcount__gc; zend_uchar type; /* active type */ zend_uchar is_ref__gc;};
zval结构体中有四个字段,其含义分别为:
属性名 | 含义 | 默认值 |
refcount_gc | 表示引用计数 | 1 |
is_ref_gc | 表示是否为引用 | 0 |
value | 存储变量的值 | |
type | 变量具体的类型 |
在PHP5.3之后,引入了新的垃圾回收机制,引用计数和引用的字段名改为refcout_gc和is_ref_gc在此之前为refcount和is_ref.
变量的值存储在另外一个结构体zvalue_value,值存储见下面的介绍。
2、变量类型
zval结构体的type字段就是实现弱类型最关键的字段了,type的值可以为:IS_NULL、IS_BOOL、IS_LONG、IS_DOUBLE、IS_STRING、IS_OBJECT和IS_RESOURCE之一。除此之外和它们定义在一起的类型还有IS_CONSTANT、IS_CONSTANT_ARRAY。
二、变量的值存储
前面提到变量的值存储在zvalue_value联合体中,结构体定义如下:
typedef union _zvalue_value { long lval; /* long value */ double dval; /* double value */ struct { char *val; int len; } str; HashTable *ht; /* hash table value */ zend_object_value obj;} zvalue_value;
各种类型的数据会使用不同的方法来进行变量值的存储,其对应赋值方式如下:
一般类型:
变量类型 | 宏 | |
boolean | ZVAL_BOOL | 布尔型/整型的变量值存储于(zval).value.lval中,其类型也会 以相应的IS_*进行存储 |
integer | ZVAL_LONG | |
float | ZVAL_DOUBLE | Z_TYPE_P(z)=IS_BOOL/LONG;Z_LVAL_P(z)=(b)!=0; |
null | ZVAL_NULL | NULL值的变量值不需要存储,只需要把(zval).type标为IS_NUL Z_TYPE_P(z)=IS_NULL; |
resource | ZVAL_RESOURCE | 资源类型的存储与其他一般变量无异,但其初始化及存储实现则不 同Z_TYPE_P(z) = IS_RESOURCE; Z_LVAL_P(z) = 1; |
字符串
字符串的类型标示和其他数据类型一样,不过在存储字符串时多了一个字符串长度的字段。
struct { char *val; int len;} str;
(存储字符串长度是因为字符串的操作十分频繁,有利于节省时间,是空间换时间的做法)
数组Array
数组是PHP中最常用也是最强大变量类型。数组的值存储在zvalue_value.ht字段中,它是一个HashTable类型的数据。PHP数组使用哈希表来存储关联数据。PHP的哈希表实现中使用了两个数据结构HashTable和Bucket。PHP所有的工作都是由哈希表实现。
对象Object
PHP的对象是一种复合型的数据,使用一种zend_object_value的结构体来存放,其定义如下
typedef struct _zend_object_value { zend_object_handle handle; // unsigned int?类型,EG(objects_store).object_buckets的索引 zend_object_handlers *handlers;} zend_object_value;
PHP的对象只有在运行时才会被创建,前面介绍了EG宏,这是一个全局结构体由于保存在运行时的数据。其中就包括了用来保存所有被创建的对象的对象池,EG(objects_store),而object对象值内容的zend_object_handle域就是当前对象在对象池中所在的索引,handlers字段则是将对象进行操作时的处理函数保存起来。
PHP的弱变量容器的实现方式是兼容并包的形式体现。

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