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深入了解PHP内核(五)变量及数据类型-变量的结构和类型

Jun 13, 2016 pm 12:29 PM
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深入理解PHP内核(五)变量及数据类型-变量的结构和类型

原文链接:http://www.orlion.ga/238/

编程语言的类型可以分为强类型和弱类型两种,PHP是弱类型语言,但是C语言是强类型语言。在官网PHP实现内部,所有变量使用同一种数据结构(zval)来保存,这个结构表示PHP中的各种数据类型,它不仅包含变量的值,也包含变量的类型。这就是PHP弱类型的核心。

那zval结构是如何实现弱类型的呢?

 

一、PHP变量类型及存储结构

 

    PHP在声明和使用变量的时候,并不需要指明其数据类型,PHP是弱类型语言,但是PHP有类型,PHP有八中数据类型,可以分成三类:标量类型:boolean、integer、float(double) string;复合类型:array、object;特殊类型:resource、NULL

    C语言是如何实现PHP中的弱类型的呢?

 

1、变量存储结构

    

    变量的值存储到如下所示的zval结构体中,zval结构体定义在Zend/zend.h文件,其结构如下:

typedef struct _zval_struct zval;...struct _zval_struct {    /* Variable information */    zvalue_value value;     /* value */    zend_uint refcount__gc;    zend_uchar type;    /* active type */    zend_uchar is_ref__gc;};
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zval结构体中有四个字段,其含义分别为:

属性名含义默认值
refcount_gc表示引用计数1
is_ref_gc表示是否为引用0
value存储变量的值
type变量具体的类型

在PHP5.3之后,引入了新的垃圾回收机制,引用计数和引用的字段名改为refcout_gc和is_ref_gc在此之前为refcount和is_ref.

变量的值存储在另外一个结构体zvalue_value,值存储见下面的介绍。

2、变量类型

zval结构体的type字段就是实现弱类型最关键的字段了,type的值可以为:IS_NULL、IS_BOOL、IS_LONG、IS_DOUBLE、IS_STRING、IS_OBJECT和IS_RESOURCE之一。除此之外和它们定义在一起的类型还有IS_CONSTANT、IS_CONSTANT_ARRAY。

二、变量的值存储

前面提到变量的值存储在zvalue_value联合体中,结构体定义如下:

typedef union _zvalue_value {    long lval;                  /* long value */    double dval;                /* double value */    struct {        char *val;        int len;    } str;     HashTable *ht;              /* hash table value */    zend_object_value obj;} zvalue_value;
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各种类型的数据会使用不同的方法来进行变量值的存储,其对应赋值方式如下:

一般类型:

变量类型
booleanZVAL_BOOL

布尔型/整型的变量值存储于(zval).value.lval中,其类型也会

以相应的IS_*进行存储

integerZVAL_LONG
floatZVAL_DOUBLEZ_TYPE_P(z)=IS_BOOL/LONG;Z_LVAL_P(z)=(b)!=0;
nullZVAL_NULL

NULL值的变量值不需要存储,只需要把(zval).type标为IS_NUL

Z_TYPE_P(z)=IS_NULL;

resourceZVAL_RESOURCE

资源类型的存储与其他一般变量无异,但其初始化及存储实现则不

同Z_TYPE_P(z) = IS_RESOURCE; Z_LVAL_P(z) = 1;

字符串

字符串的类型标示和其他数据类型一样,不过在存储字符串时多了一个字符串长度的字段。

struct {    char *val;    int len;} str;
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(存储字符串长度是因为字符串的操作十分频繁,有利于节省时间,是空间换时间的做法)

数组Array

数组是PHP中最常用也是最强大变量类型。数组的值存储在zvalue_value.ht字段中,它是一个HashTable类型的数据。PHP数组使用哈希表来存储关联数据。PHP的哈希表实现中使用了两个数据结构HashTable和Bucket。PHP所有的工作都是由哈希表实现。

对象Object

PHP的对象是一种复合型的数据,使用一种zend_object_value的结构体来存放,其定义如下

typedef struct _zend_object_value {    zend_object_handle handle;  //  unsigned int?类型,EG(objects_store).object_buckets的索引    zend_object_handlers *handlers;} zend_object_value;
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PHP的对象只有在运行时才会被创建,前面介绍了EG宏,这是一个全局结构体由于保存在运行时的数据。其中就包括了用来保存所有被创建的对象的对象池,EG(objects_store),而object对象值内容的zend_object_handle域就是当前对象在对象池中所在的索引,handlers字段则是将对象进行操作时的处理函数保存起来。

    

    PHP的弱变量容器的实现方式是兼容并包的形式体现。

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