Home Web Front-end JS Tutorial 深入理解Javascript闭包 新手版_javascript技巧

深入理解Javascript闭包 新手版_javascript技巧

May 16, 2016 pm 06:13 PM

 一、什么是闭包?

  “官方”的解释是:所谓“闭包”,指的是一个拥有许多变量和绑定了这些变量的环境的表达式(通常是一个函数),因而这些变量也是该表达式的一部分。

  相信很少有人能直接看懂这句话,因为他描述的太学术。我想用如何在Javascript中创建一个闭包来告诉你什么是闭包,因为跳过闭包的创建过程直接理解闭包的定义是非常困难的。看下面这段代码:
复制代码 代码如下:

function a(){
var i=0;
function b(){
alert(++i);
}
return b;
}
var c = a();
c();

  这段代码有两个特点:

  1、函数b嵌套在函数a内部;

  2、函数a返回函数b。

  这样在执行完var c=a()后,变量c实际上是指向了函数b,再执行c()后就会弹出一个窗口显示i的值(第一次为1)。这段代码其实就创建了一个闭包,为什么?因为函数a外的变量c引用了函数a内的函数b,就是说:

  当函数a的内部函数b被函数a外的一个变量引用的时候,就创建了一个闭包。

  我猜想你一定还是不理解闭包,因为你不知道闭包有什么作用,下面让我们继续探索。

  二、闭包有什么作用?

  简而言之,闭包的作用就是在a执行完并返回后,闭包使得Javascript的垃圾回收机制GC不会收回a所占用的资源,因为a的内部函数b的执行需要依赖a中的变量。这是对闭包作用的非常直白的描述,不专业也不严谨,但大概意思就是这样,理解闭包需要循序渐进的过程。

在上面的例子中,由于闭包的存在使得函数a返回后,a中的i始终存在,这样每次执行c(),i都是自加1后alert出i的值。

  那 么我们来想象另一种情况,如果a返回的不是函数b,情况就完全不同了。因为a执行完后,b没有被返回给a的外界,只是被a所引用,而此时a也只会被b引 用,因此函数a和b互相引用但又不被外界打扰(被外界引用),函数a和b就会被GC回收。(关于Javascript的垃圾回收机制将在后面详细介绍)

  三、闭包内的微观世界

  如 果要更加深入的了解闭包以及函数a和嵌套函数b的关系,我们需要引入另外几个概念:函数的执行环境(excution context)、活动对象(call object)、作用域(scope)、作用域链(scope chain)。以函数a从定义到执行的过程为例阐述这几个概念。

  1、当定义函数a的时候,js解释器会将函数a的作用域链(scope chain)设置为定义a时a所在的“环境”,如果a是一个全局函数,则scope chain中只有window对象。

  2、当函数a执行的时候,a会进入相应的执行环境(excution context)。

  3、在创建执行环境的过程中,首先会为a添加一个scope属性,即a的作用域,其值就为第1步中的scope chain。即a.scope=a的作用域链。

  4、然后执行环境会创建一个活动对象(call object)。活动对象也是一个拥有属性的对象,但它不具有原型而且不能通过JavaScript代码直接访问。创建完活动对象后,把活动对象添加到a的作用域链的最顶端。此时a的作用域链包含了两个对象:a的活动对象和window对象。

  5、下一步是在活动对象上添加一个arguments属性,它保存着调用函数a时所传递的参数。

  6、最后把所有函数a的形参和内部的函数b的引用也添加到a的活动对象上。在这一步中,完成了函数b的的定义,因此如同第3步,函数b的作用域链被设置为b所被定义的环境,即a的作用域。

  到此,整个函数a从定义到执行的步骤就完成了。此时a返回函数b的引用给c,又函数b的作用域链包含了对函数a的活动对象的引用,也就是说b可以访问到a中定义的所有变量和函数。函数b被c引用,函数b又依赖函数a,因此函数a在返回后不会被GC回收。

  当函数b执行的时候亦会像以上步骤一样。因此,执行时b的作用域链包含了3个对象:b的活动对象、a的活动对象和window对象,如下图所示:

  如图所示,当在函数b中访问一个变量的时候,搜索顺序是先搜索自身的活动对象,如果存在则返回,如果不存在将继续搜索函数a的活动对象,依 次查找,直到找到为止。如果整个作用域链上都无法找到,则返回undefined。如果函数b存在prototype原型对象,则在查找完自身的活动对象 后先查找自身的原型对象,再继续查找。这就是Javascript中的变量查找机制。

  四、闭包的应用场景

  1、保护函数内的变量安全。以最开始的例子为例,函数a中i只有函数b才能访问,而无法通过其他途径访问到,因此保护了i的安全性。

  2、在内存中维持一个变量。依然如前例,由于闭包,函数a中i的一直存在于内存中,因此每次执行c(),都会给i自加1。

  以上两点是闭包最基本的应用场景,很多经典案例都源于此。

  五、Javascript的垃圾回收机制

  在Javascript中,如果一个对象不再被引用,那么这个对象就会被GC回收。如果两个对象互相引用,而不再被第3者所引用,那么这两个互相引用的对象也会被回收。因为函数a被b引用,b又被a外的c引用,这就是为什么函数a执行后不会被回收的原因。
Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap

Video Face Swap

Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1

Notepad++7.3.1

Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6

Dreamweaver CS6

Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

What should I do if I encounter garbled code printing for front-end thermal paper receipts? What should I do if I encounter garbled code printing for front-end thermal paper receipts? Apr 04, 2025 pm 02:42 PM

Frequently Asked Questions and Solutions for Front-end Thermal Paper Ticket Printing In Front-end Development, Ticket Printing is a common requirement. However, many developers are implementing...

Demystifying JavaScript: What It Does and Why It Matters Demystifying JavaScript: What It Does and Why It Matters Apr 09, 2025 am 12:07 AM

JavaScript is the cornerstone of modern web development, and its main functions include event-driven programming, dynamic content generation and asynchronous programming. 1) Event-driven programming allows web pages to change dynamically according to user operations. 2) Dynamic content generation allows page content to be adjusted according to conditions. 3) Asynchronous programming ensures that the user interface is not blocked. JavaScript is widely used in web interaction, single-page application and server-side development, greatly improving the flexibility of user experience and cross-platform development.

Who gets paid more Python or JavaScript? Who gets paid more Python or JavaScript? Apr 04, 2025 am 12:09 AM

There is no absolute salary for Python and JavaScript developers, depending on skills and industry needs. 1. Python may be paid more in data science and machine learning. 2. JavaScript has great demand in front-end and full-stack development, and its salary is also considerable. 3. Influencing factors include experience, geographical location, company size and specific skills.

How to merge array elements with the same ID into one object using JavaScript? How to merge array elements with the same ID into one object using JavaScript? Apr 04, 2025 pm 05:09 PM

How to merge array elements with the same ID into one object in JavaScript? When processing data, we often encounter the need to have the same ID...

Is JavaScript hard to learn? Is JavaScript hard to learn? Apr 03, 2025 am 12:20 AM

Learning JavaScript is not difficult, but it is challenging. 1) Understand basic concepts such as variables, data types, functions, etc. 2) Master asynchronous programming and implement it through event loops. 3) Use DOM operations and Promise to handle asynchronous requests. 4) Avoid common mistakes and use debugging techniques. 5) Optimize performance and follow best practices.

How to achieve parallax scrolling and element animation effects, like Shiseido's official website?
or:
How can we achieve the animation effect accompanied by page scrolling like Shiseido's official website? How to achieve parallax scrolling and element animation effects, like Shiseido's official website? or: How can we achieve the animation effect accompanied by page scrolling like Shiseido's official website? Apr 04, 2025 pm 05:36 PM

Discussion on the realization of parallax scrolling and element animation effects in this article will explore how to achieve similar to Shiseido official website (https://www.shiseido.co.jp/sb/wonderland/)...

The Evolution of JavaScript: Current Trends and Future Prospects The Evolution of JavaScript: Current Trends and Future Prospects Apr 10, 2025 am 09:33 AM

The latest trends in JavaScript include the rise of TypeScript, the popularity of modern frameworks and libraries, and the application of WebAssembly. Future prospects cover more powerful type systems, the development of server-side JavaScript, the expansion of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and the potential of IoT and edge computing.

The difference in console.log output result: Why are the two calls different? The difference in console.log output result: Why are the two calls different? Apr 04, 2025 pm 05:12 PM

In-depth discussion of the root causes of the difference in console.log output. This article will analyze the differences in the output results of console.log function in a piece of code and explain the reasons behind it. �...

See all articles