递归算法事例
一.例子(用从C++描述):
行号 程序
0 p (int w)
1 {if( w>o)
2 { cout
3 p(w-1);
4 p(w-1);
5 }
6 }
结束
执行语句 p(4) 后的打印结果:4 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1
二.说明:
1.递归调用与普通的调用原理相同,只不过是每次调用的函数都是自己本身。
2.我们完全可以自己编程设置堆栈(用户堆栈),来实现与“递归调用”相同的功能。
3. 3.在“递归调用”时,系统会自动设置和管理堆栈(系统堆栈),而
无需我们的干预,但这同时增加了“递归调用”的神秘性。为了更好
地 地理解“递归调用”,现将系统堆栈以表格的方式表示出来。
4.对于“堆栈”格式的一些说明
堆栈的格式为:
方格a
方格b
方格c
函数调用完返回的行号
调用的函数
W 的值
每调用一次函数就“入栈”一次;函数执行完了,就“出栈”一次
三.程序解释:
1.开始调用p(4),此时执行的语句有:1、2、3
结束
P(4)
4
执行p(4)的语句2:cout
但是由于语句3,在执行过程中还要调用p(3),只有p(3)执行完了,才能继续执行p(4)。
2.开始调用P(3),此时执行的语句有:1、2、3
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
当p(3)执行完了,就会执行p(4)中的语句4(所以在方格a中,填“4”)。
执行p(3)的语句2:cout
同上面的情况相同,当执行到语句3,还要调用p(2),只有p(2)执行完了,才能继续执行p(3)。
3.开始调用P(2),此时执行的语句有:1、2、3
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
执行p(2)的语句2:cout
同上面的情况相同,当执行到语句3,还要调用p(1),只有p(1)执行完了,才能继续执行p(2)。
4.开始调用P(1),此时执行的语句有:1、2、3
4
P(1)
1
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
执行p(2)的语句2:cout
同上面的情况相同,当执行到语句3,还要调用p(0),只有p(0)执行完了,才能继续执行p(1)。
5.开始调用P(0),此时执行的语句有:1
4
P(0)
0
4
P(1)
1
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
因为w=0不满足语句1,所以直接跳到语句5、6,从而p(0)执行完毕,p(0)要进行“出栈”操作。
6.此时执行的语句有:4
4
P(1)
1
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
由于p(0)执行完成,且p(0)的方格a中为4,因此继续执行p(1)的语句4 :p(w-1); 又由于p(1)方格c中w值为1,所以调用p(0)。
7.开始调用p(0)
5
P(0)
0
4
P(1)
1
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
当p(0)执行完了,就会执行p(1)中的语句5(所以在方格a中,填“5”)。
因为w=0不满足语句1,所以直接跳到语句5、6,从而p(0)执行完毕,p(0)要进行“出栈”操作。
8.此时执行的语句有:5
4
P(1)
1
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
由于p(0)执行完成,且p(0)的方格a中为5,因此继续执行p(1)的语句5 (最后一句),所以p(1)执行完毕,p(1)要进行“出栈”操作。
9.
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
由于p(1)执行完成,且p(1)的方格a中为4,因此继续执行p(2)的语句4 :p(w-1); 又由于p(2)方格c中w值为2,所以调用p(1)。
10.开始调用P(1),此时执行的语句有:1、2、3
5
P(1)
1
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
当p(1)执行完了,就会执行p(2)中的语句5(所以在方格a中,填“5”)。
执行p(1)的语句2:cout
当执行到语句3,还要调用p(0),只有p(0)执行完了,才能继续执行p(1)。
11.始调用P(0),此时执行的语句有:1
4
P(0)
0
5
P(1)
1
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
因为w=0不满足语句1,所以直接跳到语句5、6,从而p(0)执行完毕,p(0)要进行“出栈”操作。
12.此时执行的语句有:4
5
P(1)
1
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
由于p(0)执行完成,且p(0)的方格a中为4,因此继续执行p(1)的语句4 :p(w-1);又由于p(1)方格c中w值为1,所以调用p(0)。
13.开始调用p(0)
5
P(0)
0
5
P(1)
1
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
当p(0)执行完了,就会执行p(1)中的语句5(所以在方格a中,填“5”)。
因为w=0不满足语句1,所以直接跳到语句5、6,从而p(0)执行完毕,p(0)要进行“出栈”操作。
14.此时执行的语句有:5
5
P(1)
1
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
由于p(0)执行完成,且p(0)的方格a中为5,因此继续执行p(1)的语句5 (最后一句),所以p(1)执行完毕,p(1)要进行“出栈”操作。
15.
4
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
由于p(1)执行完成,且p(1)的方格a中为5,因此继续执行p(2)的语句5 (最后一句),所以p(2)执行完毕,p(2)要进行“出栈”操作。
注意:其实步骤10~15重复了步骤4~9,因为它们都调用的P(1)
16.
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
由于p(2)执行完成,且p(2)的方格a中为4,因此继续执行p(3)的语句4 :p(w-1); 又由于p(3)方格c中w值为3,所以调用p(2)。
17.开始调用P(2),此时执行的语句有:1、2、3
5
P(2)
2
4
P(3)
3
结束
P(4)
4
当p(2)执行完了,就会执行p(3)中的语句5(所以在方格a中,填“5”)。
执行p(2)的语句2:cout
同上面的情况相同,当执行到语句3,还要调用p(1),只有p(1)执行完了,才能继续执行p(2)。
18.开始调用p(1)
省略……
注意:其实步骤17~29重复了3~15,因为它们都调用的P(2)
在这步骤中,又打印了2 1 1(见步骤3、4、10)
四.结论与分析:
步骤
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
结果
4
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
第5个结果重复第4个结果,这是因为他们都调用了p(1)
第6、7、8个结果重复第3、4、5个结果,这是因为他们都调用了p(2)
第9~15个结果重复第2~8个结果,这是因为他们都调用了p(3)

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