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PHP源码分析-变量的引用计数、写时复制(Reference counting & Copy-on-Wr

Jun 13, 2016 am 10:46 AM
amp php reference analyze variable copy Quote Source code of count

 

PHP语法中有两种赋值方式:引用赋值、非引用赋值。

 

 

    $a = 1; 

    $b = $a; // 非引用赋值  

    $c = &$b; // 引用赋值 

       $a = 1;

       $b = $a; // 非引用赋值

       $c = &$b; // 引用赋值

从表面看,通常会这样认为:“引用赋值就是两个变量对应同一个变量(在C中其实就是一个zval),非引用赋值则是直接产生的一个新的变量(zval),同时将值copy过来”。

这种认为在大部分情况下都是可以想通的。(#1)

 

 

但有些情况下则会显得非常低效,例如:(#2)

 

 

function print_arr($arr){//非引用传递  

    print_r($arr); 

 

$test_arr = array( 

        'a' =>   'a', 

        'b' =>   'b', 

        'c' =>   'c', 

        ... 

    );//这里一个比较大的数组  

 

print_arr($test_arr);//第一次调用print_arr函数执行输出  

print_arr($test_arr);//第二次调用print_arr函数执行输出 

function print_arr($arr){//非引用传递

       print_r($arr);

}

 

$test_arr = array(

              'a'    =>   'a',

              'b'    =>   'b',

              'c'    =>   'c',

              ...

       );//这里一个比较大的数组

 

print_arr($test_arr);//第一次调用print_arr函数执行输出

print_arr($test_arr);//第二次调用print_arr函数执行输出

如果按照上面的理解方式(#1),那么执行两次print_arr,并且是非引用的方式,则会产生两个与$test_arr完全相同的新的变量,那么将是非常低效的。

 

 

实际代码在运行中,并不会产生两个新的变量。因为PHP内核中已经帮助我们进行了优化。

 

 

具体如何实现的呢?这里就要讲到本文的要点:Reference counting & Copy-on-Write,正是采用引用计数、写时复制这两个机制得以优化。

 

 

 

 

 

在介绍这两个机制前,先了解一个基本知识:PHP中的变量在内核中是如何表示的。

PHP中定义的变量都是以一个zval来表示的,zval的定义在Zend/zend.h中定义:

 

 

 

typedef struct _zval_struct zval;   

 

typedef union _zvalue_value { 

    long lval;                  /* long value */ 

    double dval;                /* double value */ 

    struct { 

        char *val; 

        int len; 

    } str; 

    HashTable *ht;              /* hash table value */ 

    zend_object_value obj; 

} zvalue_value; 

 

struct _zval_struct { 

    /* Variable information */ 

    zvalue_value value;     /* value */ 

    zend_uint refcount; 

    zend_uchar type;    /* active type */ 

    zend_uchar is_ref; 

}; 

typedef struct _zval_struct zval; 

 

typedef union _zvalue_value {

    long lval;                  /* long value */

    double dval;                /* double value */

    struct {

        char *val;

        int len;

    } str;

    HashTable *ht;              /* hash table value */

    zend_object_value obj;

} zvalue_value;

 

struct _zval_struct {

    /* Variable information */

    zvalue_value value;     /* value */

    zend_uint refcount;

    zend_uchar type;    /* active type */

    zend_uchar is_ref;

};

 

其中,refcount和is_ref就是实现引用计数、写时复制这两个机制的基础。

refcount当前变量存储引用计数,在zval初始创建的时候就为1。每增加一个引用,则refcount ++。当进行引用分离时,refcount--。

is_ref用于表示一个zval是否是引用状态。zval初始化的情况下会是0,表示不是引用。

 

 

 

 

 

 

$a;//a:refcount=1,is_ref=0, value=NULL;  

$a = 1; //a:refcount=2,is_ref=0, value=1;  

$b = $a;    //a,b:refcount=3,is_ref=0,value=1;  

$c = $a;    //a,b,c:refcount=4,is_ref=0,value=1;  

$d = &$c; //a,b:refcount=3,is_ref=0,value=1;    c,d:refcount=1, is_ref=1, value=1 

$a;//a:refcount=1,is_ref=0, value=NULL;

$a = 1;    //a:refcount=2,is_ref=0, value=1;

$b = $a;  //a,b:refcount=3,is_ref=0,value=1;

$c = $a;  //a,b,c:refcount=4,is_ref=0,value=1;

$d = &$c; //a,b:refcount=3,is_ref=0,value=1;      c,d:refcount=1, is_ref=1, value=1上面代码的注释,表示当执行这一行后,refcount与is_ref的变化.

 

 

 

 

Copy on Write

 

 

Php变量通过引用计数实现变量共享数据,那如果改变其中一个变量值呢?

 

当试图写入一个变量时,Zend若发现该变量指向的zval被多个变量共享,则为其复制一份ref_count为1的zval,并递减原zval的refcount,这个过程称为“zval分离”。可见,只有在有写操作发生时zend才进行拷贝操作,因此也叫copy-on-write(写时拷贝)

 

对于引用型变量,其要求和非引用型相反,引用赋值的变量间必须是捆绑的,修改一个变量就修改了所有捆绑变量。

 

 

    $a=1; 

    $b=$a; 

       $a=1;

       $b=$a;执行过程中的内存结构图:

 

 

 

    $a=1; 

    $b=&a; 

       $a=1;

       $b=&a;执行过程中的内存结构图:

 

 

从上可以看到,无论是引用、非引用,这种直接赋值都不会产生新的变量。

只是当是引用时,is_ref设置为1。当非引用时,is_ref设置为0。

读写复制,就是根据is_ref来进行变量分离的。

 

 

 

当is_ref=1时,是引用变量时,执行“引用下的变量分离”

 

 

 

    $a = 1; 

    $b = $a; 

    $c = &$b; 

       $a = 1;

       $b = $a;

       $c = &$b;执行过程中的内存结构图:

 

 

 

 

当is_ref=0时,是非引用变量时,执行“非引用下的变量分离”

 

 

 

    $a = 1; 

    $b = &$a; 

    $c = $b; 

       $a = 1;

       $b = &$a;

       $c = $b;

执行过程中的内存结构图:

 

 

 

 

只有真正在需要改变变量的值时,

回头在看(#2)代码,可以看到实际上,并没有产生新的变量,始终是$test_arr的变量在输出。所以,这也是为什么很少看到在PHP中使用引用方式传递变量,却仍然不会有性能问题的原因。

 

 

 


摘自 God's blog

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