初步解析Python下的多进程编程
要让Python程序实现多进程（multiprocessing），我们先了解操作系统的相关知识。
Unix/Linux操作系统提供了一个fork()系统调用，它非常特殊。普通的函数调用，调用一次，返回一次，但是fork()调用一次，返回两次，因为操作系统自动把当前进程（称为父进程）复制了一份（称为子进程），然后，分别在父进程和子进程内返回。
子进程永远返回0，而父进程返回子进程的ID。这样做的理由是，一个父进程可以fork出很多子进程，所以，父进程要记下每个子进程的ID，而子进程只需要调用getppid()就可以拿到父进程的ID。
Python的os模块封装了常见的系统调用，其中就包括fork，可以在Python程序中轻松创建子进程：
# multiprocessing.py import os print 'Process (%s) start...' % os.getpid() pid = os.fork() if pid==0: print 'I am child process (%s) and my parent is %s.' % (os.getpid(), os.getppid()) else: print 'I (%s) just created a child process (%s).' % (os.getpid(), pid)
运行结果如下：
Process (876) start... I (876) just created a child process (877). I am child process (877) and my parent is 876.
由于Windows没有fork调用，上面的代码在Windows上无法运行。由于Mac系统是基于BSD（Unix的一种）内核，所以，在Mac下运行是没有问题的，推荐大家用Mac学Python！
有了fork调用，一个进程在接到新任务时就可以复制出一个子进程来处理新任务，常见的Apache服务器就是由父进程监听端口，每当有新的http请求时，就fork出子进程来处理新的http请求。
multiprocessing
如果你打算编写多进程的服务程序，Unix/Linux无疑是正确的选择。由于Windows没有fork调用，难道在Windows上无法用Python编写多进程的程序？
由于Python是跨平台的，自然也应该提供一个跨平台的多进程支持。multiprocessing模块就是跨平台版本的多进程模块。
multiprocessing模块提供了一个Process类来代表一个进程对象，下面的例子演示了启动一个子进程并等待其结束：
from multiprocessing import Process
import os
# 子进程要执行的代码
def run_proc(name):
print 'Run child process %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid())
if __name__=='__main__':
print 'Parent process %s.' % os.getpid()
p = Process(target=run_proc, args=('test',))
print 'Process will start.'
p.start()
p.join()
print 'Process end.'
执行结果如下：
Parent process 928. Process will start. Run child process test (929)... Process end.
创建子进程时，只需要传入一个执行函数和函数的参数，创建一个Process实例，用start()方法启动，这样创建进程比fork()还要简单。
join()方法可以等待子进程结束后再继续往下运行，通常用于进程间的同步。
Pool
如果要启动大量的子进程，可以用进程池的方式批量创建子进程：
from multiprocessing import Pool
import os, time, random
def long_time_task(name):
print 'Run task %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid())
start = time.time()
time.sleep(random.random() * 3)
end = time.time()
print 'Task %s runs %0.2f seconds.' % (name, (end - start))
if __name__=='__main__':
print 'Parent process %s.' % os.getpid()
p = Pool()
for i in range(5):
p.apply_async(long_time_task, args=(i,))
print 'Waiting for all subprocesses done...'
p.close()
p.join()
print 'All subprocesses done.'
执行结果如下：
Parent process 669. Waiting for all subprocesses done... Run task 0 (671)... Run task 1 (672)... Run task 2 (673)... Run task 3 (674)... Task 2 runs 0.14 seconds. Run task 4 (673)... Task 1 runs 0.27 seconds. Task 3 runs 0.86 seconds. Task 0 runs 1.41 seconds. Task 4 runs 1.91 seconds. All subprocesses done.
代码解读：
对Pool对象调用join()方法会等待所有子进程执行完毕，调用join()之前必须先调用close()，调用close()之后就不能继续添加新的Process了。
请注意输出的结果，task 0，1，2，3是立刻执行的，而task 4要等待前面某个task完成后才执行，这是因为Pool的默认大小在我的电脑上是4，因此，最多同时执行4个进程。这是Pool有意设计的限制，并不是操作系统的限制。如果改成：
p = Pool(5)
就可以同时跑5个进程。
由于Pool的默认大小是CPU的核数，如果你不幸拥有8核CPU，你要提交至少9个子进程才能看到上面的等待效果。
进程间通信
Process之间肯定是需要通信的，操作系统提供了很多机制来实现进程间的通信。Python的multiprocessing模块包装了底层的机制，提供了Queue、Pipes等多种方式来交换数据。
我们以Queue为例，在父进程中创建两个子进程，一个往Queue里写数据，一个从Queue里读数据：
from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
import os, time, random
# 写数据进程执行的代码:
def write(q):
for value in ['A', 'B', 'C']:
print 'Put %s to queue...' % value
q.put(value)
time.sleep(random.random())
# 读数据进程执行的代码:
def read(q):
while True:
value = q.get(True)
print 'Get %s from queue.' % value
if __name__=='__main__':
# 父进程创建Queue，并传给各个子进程：
q = Queue()
pw = Process(target=write, args=(q,))
pr = Process(target=read, args=(q,))
# 启动子进程pw，写入:
pw.start()
# 启动子进程pr，读取:
pr.start()
# 等待pw结束:
pw.join()
# pr进程里是死循环，无法等待其结束，只能强行终止:
pr.terminate()
运行结果如下：
Put A to queue... Get A from queue. Put B to queue... Get B from queue. Put C to queue... Get C from queue.
在Unix/Linux下，multiprocessing模块封装了fork()调用，使我们不需要关注fork()的细节。由于Windows没有fork调用，因此，multiprocessing需要“模拟”出fork的效果，父进程所有Python对象都必须通过pickle序列化再传到子进程去，所有，如果multiprocessing在Windows下调用失败了，要先考虑是不是pickle失败了。
小结
在Unix/Linux下，可以使用fork()调用实现多进程。
要实现跨平台的多进程，可以使用multiprocessing模块。
进程间通信是通过Queue、Pipes等实现的。
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