Python使用os模块和fileinput模块来操作文件目录

os模块
在python编程中,我们会经常使用到文件和目录,这些操作python提供一个os模块,里面有很多操作文件和目录的函数.

下面介绍os的常用功能

1.获取当前路径

>>> os.getcwd()
'/root/python'

2.获取目录中的内容

>>> os.listdir(os.getcwd())
['deco.py', '6.py', 'inputfile.py', 'uniFile.py', 'oddnogen.py', 'ospathex.py', 'operate.py', 'bianliang.py', 'typecheck1.py']

3.创建目录

>>> os.mkdir('/root/pythontest')

一次性创建嵌套目录可使用os.makedirs,makedirs可以生成多层递归目录，removedirs可以删除多层递归的空目录，若目录中有文件则无法删除;os.system()：运行shell命令；

>>> os.environ['HOME']
'/root'
>>> os.makedirs(os.path.join(os.environ['HOME'],'test','py'))
>>> os.system('ls -lR /root/test')
/root/test:
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2013-03-29 17:27 py

/root/test/py:
total 0
0

4.改变工作目录

>>> os.getcwd()
'/root/python'
>>> os.chdir('/etc')
>>> os.getcwd()
'/etc'

5.删除目录

>>> os.rmdir('/root/pythontest')
>>>

注:删除目录必须是空目录

6.删除文件

>>> os.remove('/root/pytest.py')

7.重命名文件或者目录

>>> os.rename('/root/pytest.py','/root/test.py')

8.字符串给出当前平台使用的终止符，例如：Windows使用'\r\n'，Linux使用'\n'

>>> os.linesep
'\n'

以下是os.path模块

9.判断是否是目录

>>> os.path.isdir('/root/python')
True

10.判断是否为文件

>>> os.path.isfile('/root/python')
False

11.返回一个路径的目录名和文件名

>>> os.path.split(os.getcwd())
('/root', 'python')

12.判断是否存在文件或目录name

>>> os.path.exists('/root')
True
>>> os.path.exists('/root/1.py')
False

13.获得文件大小

>>> os.path.getsize('/root/python/if.py')
282

14.返回文件路径,返回文件名

>>> os.path.dirname('/root/python/if.py')
'/root/python'
>>> os.path.basename('/root/python/if.py')
'if.py'

15.连接目录与文件名或目录

>>> os.path.join('/dave/test/','1.py')
'/dave/test/1.py'

判断一个目录里哪些是文件哪些是目录.

>>> for file in os.listdir('/root/python'):
...   if os.path.isdir(file):
...     print file,"is a directory"
...   else:
...     print file,"is a file"
...
deco.py is a file
inputfile.py is a file
operate.py is a file
hello.pyc is a file
userpw.py is a file
4.py is a file
answer is a directory

fileinput模块
fileinput模块可以遍历文本文件的所有行.它的工作方式和readlines很类似,不同点在于,它不是将全部的行读到列表中而是创建了一个xreadlines对象.

下面是fileinput模块中的常用函数

• input() #它会返回能够用于for循环遍历的对象.
• filename() #返回当前文件的名称
• lineno() #返回当前(累计)的行数
• filelineno() #返回当前文件的行数
• isfirstline() #检查当前行是否是文件的第一行
• close() #关闭序列

>>> import fileinput
>>> for eachline in fileinput.input("/root/datafile.txt"):
...   print eachline
...
Dave

python

>>> for eachline in fileinput.input("/root/datafile.txt"):
...   print fileinput.filename()
...
/root/datafile.txt
/root/datafile.txt
>>> for eachline in fileinput.input("/root/datafile.txt"):
...   print fileinput.lineno(),eachline
...
1 Dave

2 python

>>> for eachline in fileinput.input("/root/datafile.txt"):
...   if fileinput.isfirstline():
...     print eachline
...   else:
...     break
...
Dave

下面是一个关于日志分析的小实例,将日志中截取匹配的电话号码,如800-333-1212

root@10.1.1.45:~# cat telphone.log
027-987-1212
02187899682
021-110-9632
root@10.1.1.45:~# cat fileinputtest.py
#!/usr/bin/python2.5

import fileinput
import sys
import re

pattern = "\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}"
filePath = "/root/telphone.log"

for eachline in fileinput.input(filePath):
  a = re.search(pattern,eachline)
  if a:
#    sys.stdout.write("============\n")
#    sys.stdout.write(eachline)
     print "============"
     print 'line:',fileinput.lineno(),'filename:',fileinput.filename(),'length:',len(eachline.strip('\n')),eachline
root@10.1.1.45:~# ./fileinputtest.py
============
line: 1 filename: /root/telphone.log length: 12 027-987-1212

============
line: 3 filename: /root/telphone.log length: 12 021-110-9632

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