Python装饰器入门学习教程(九步学习)
装饰器(decorator)是一种高级Python语法。装饰器可以对一个函数、方法或者类进行加工。在Python中，我们有多种方法对函数和类进行加工，比如在Python闭包中，我们见到函数对象作为某一个函数的返回结果。相对于其它方式，装饰器语法简单，代码可读性高。因此，装饰器在Python项目中有广泛的应用。
这是在Python学习小组上介绍的内容，现学现卖、多练习是好的学习方式。
第一步：最简单的函数，准备附加额外功能
# -*- coding:gbk -*-
'''示例1: 最简单的函数,表示调用了两次'''
def myfunc():
print("myfunc() called.")
myfunc()
myfunc() 第二步：使用装饰函数在函数执行前和执行后分别附加额外功能
# -*- coding:gbk -*-
'''示例2: 替换函数(装饰)
装饰函数的参数是被装饰的函数对象，返回原函数对象
装饰的实质语句: myfunc = deco(myfunc)'''
def deco(func):
print("before myfunc() called.")
func()
print(" after myfunc() called.")
return func
def myfunc():
print(" myfunc() called.")
myfunc = deco(myfunc)
myfunc()
myfunc() 第三步：使用语法糖@来装饰函数
# -*- coding:gbk -*-
'''示例3: 使用语法糖@来装饰函数，相当于“myfunc = deco(myfunc)”
但发现新函数只在第一次被调用，且原函数多调用了一次'''
def deco(func):
print("before myfunc() called.")
func()
print(" after myfunc() called.")
return func
@deco
def myfunc():
print(" myfunc() called.")
myfunc()
myfunc() 第四步：使用内嵌包装函数来确保每次新函数都被调用
# -*- coding:gbk -*-
'''示例4: 使用内嵌包装函数来确保每次新函数都被调用，
内嵌包装函数的形参和返回值与原函数相同，装饰函数返回内嵌包装函数对象'''
def deco(func):
def _deco():
print("before myfunc() called.")
func()
print(" after myfunc() called.")
# 不需要返回func，实际上应返回原函数的返回值
return _deco
@deco
def myfunc():
print(" myfunc() called.")
return 'ok'
myfunc()
myfunc() 第五步：对带参数的函数进行装饰
# -*- coding:gbk -*-
'''示例5: 对带参数的函数进行装饰，
内嵌包装函数的形参和返回值与原函数相同，装饰函数返回内嵌包装函数对象'''
def deco(func):
def _deco(a, b):
print("before myfunc() called.")
ret = func(a, b)
print(" after myfunc() called. result: %s" % ret)
return ret
return _deco
@deco
def myfunc(a, b):
print(" myfunc(%s,%s) called." % (a, b))
return a + b
myfunc(1, 2)
myfunc(3, 4) 第六步：对参数量不确定的函数进行装饰
# -*- coding:gbk -*-
'''示例6: 对参数数量不确定的函数进行装饰，
参数用(*args, **kwargs)，自动适应变参和命名参数'''
def deco(func):
def _deco(*args, **kwargs):
print("before %s called." % func.__name__)
ret = func(*args, **kwargs)
print(" after %s called. result: %s" % (func.__name__, ret))
return ret
return _deco
@deco
def myfunc(a, b):
print(" myfunc(%s,%s) called." % (a, b))
return a+b
@deco
def myfunc2(a, b, c):
print(" myfunc2(%s,%s,%s) called." % (a, b, c))
return a+b+c
myfunc(1, 2)
myfunc(3, 4)
myfunc2(1, 2, 3)
myfunc2(3, 4, 5) 第七步：让装饰器带参数
# -*- coding:gbk -*-
'''示例7: 在示例4的基础上，让装饰器带参数，
和上一示例相比在外层多了一层包装。
装饰函数名实际上应更有意义些'''
def deco(arg):
def _deco(func):
def __deco():
print("before %s called [%s]." % (func.__name__, arg))
func()
print(" after %s called [%s]." % (func.__name__, arg))
return __deco
return _deco
@deco("mymodule")
def myfunc():
print(" myfunc() called.")
@deco("module2")
def myfunc2():
print(" myfunc2() called.")
myfunc()
myfunc2() 第八步：让装饰器带 类 参数
# -*- coding:gbk -*-
'''示例8: 装饰器带类参数'''
class locker:
def __init__(self):
print("locker.__init__() should be not called.")
@staticmethod
def acquire():
print("locker.acquire() called.（这是静态方法）")
@staticmethod
def release():
print(" locker.release() called.（不需要对象实例）")
def deco(cls):
'''cls 必须实现acquire和release静态方法'''
def _deco(func):
def __deco():
print("before %s called [%s]." % (func.__name__, cls))
cls.acquire()
try:
return func()
finally:
cls.release()
return __deco
return _deco
@deco(locker)
def myfunc():
print(" myfunc() called.")
myfunc()
myfunc() 第九步：装饰器带类参数，并分拆公共类到其他py文件中，同时演示了对一个函数应用多个装饰器
# -*- coding:gbk -*-
'''mylocker.py: 公共类 for 示例9.py'''
class mylocker:
def __init__(self):
print("mylocker.__init__() called.")
@staticmethod
def acquire():
print("mylocker.acquire() called.")
@staticmethod
def unlock():
print(" mylocker.unlock() called.")
class lockerex(mylocker):
@staticmethod
def acquire():
print("lockerex.acquire() called.")
@staticmethod
def unlock():
print(" lockerex.unlock() called.")
def lockhelper(cls):
'''cls 必须实现acquire和release静态方法'''
def _deco(func):
def __deco(*args, **kwargs):
print("before %s called." % func.__name__)
cls.acquire()
try:
return func(*args, **kwargs)
finally:
cls.unlock()
return __deco
return _deco
# -*- coding:gbk -*-'''示例9: 装饰器带类参数，并分拆公共类到其他py文件中
同时演示了对一个函数应用多个装饰器'''
from mylocker import *
class example:
@lockhelper(mylocker)
def myfunc(self):
print(" myfunc() called.")
@lockhelper(mylocker)
@lockhelper(lockerex)
def myfunc2(self, a, b):
print(" myfunc2() called.")
return a + b
if __name__=="__main__":
a = example()
a.myfunc()
print(a.myfunc())
print(a.myfunc2(1, 2))
print(a.myfunc2(3, 4)) 以上给大家分享了Python装饰器入门学习教程(九步学习)，希望对大家有所帮助。
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