Python中的数据对象持久化存储模块pickle的使用示例
Python中可以使用 pickle 模块将对象转化为文件保存在磁盘上，在需要的时候再读取并还原。具体用法如下：
pickle是Python库中常用的序列化工具，可以将内存对象以文本或二进制格式导出为字符串，或者写入文档。后续可以从字符或文档中还原为内存对象。新版本的Python中用c重新实现了一遍，叫cPickle，性能更高。 下面的代码演示了pickle库的常用接口用法，非常简单：
import cPickle as pickle
# dumps and loads
# 将内存对象dump为字符串，或者将字符串load为内存对象
def test_dumps_and_loads():
t = {'name': ['v1', 'v2']}
print t
o = pickle.dumps(t)
print o
print 'len o: ', len(o)
p = pickle.loads(o)
print p
# 关于HIGHEST_PROTOCOL参数，pickle 支持3种protocol，0、1、2：
# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/23582489/python-pickle-protocol-choice
# 0：ASCII protocol，兼容旧版本的Python
# 1：binary format，兼容旧版本的Python
# 2：binary format，Python2.3 之后才有，更好的支持new-sytle class
def test_dumps_and_loads_HIGHEST_PROTOCOL():
print 'HIGHEST_PROTOCOL: ', pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL
t = {'name': ['v1', 'v2']}
print t
o = pickle.dumps(t, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
print 'len o: ', len(o)
p = pickle.loads(o)
print p
# new-style class
def test_new_sytle_class():
class TT(object):
def __init__(self, arg, **kwargs):
super(TT, self).__init__()
self.arg = arg
self.kwargs = kwargs
def test(self):
print self.arg
print self.kwargs
# ASCII protocol
t = TT('test', a=1, b=2)
o1 = pickle.dumps(t)
print o1
print 'o1 len: ', len(o1)
p = pickle.loads(o1)
p.test()
# HIGHEST_PROTOCOL对new-style class支持更好，性能更高
o2 = pickle.dumps(t, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
print 'o2 len: ', len(o2)
p = pickle.loads(o2)
p.test()
# dump and load
# 将内存对象序列化后直接dump到文件或支持文件接口的对象中
# 对于dump，需要支持write接口，接受一个字符串作为输入参数，比如：StringIO
# 对于load，需要支持read接口，接受int输入参数，同时支持readline接口，无输入参数，比如StringIO
# 使用文件，ASCII编码
def test_dump_and_load_with_file():
t = {'name': ['v1', 'v2']}
# ASCII format
with open('test.txt', 'w') as fp:
pickle.dump(t, fp)
with open('test.txt', 'r') as fp:
p = pickle.load(fp)
print p
# 使用文件，二进制编码
def test_dump_and_load_with_file_HIGHEST_PROTOCOL():
t = {'name': ['v1', 'v2']}
with open('test.bin', 'wb') as fp:
pickle.dump(t, fp, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
with open('test.bin', 'rb') as fp:
p = pickle.load(fp)
print p
# 使用StringIO，二进制编码
def test_dump_and_load_with_StringIO():
import StringIO
t = {'name': ['v1', 'v2']}
fp = StringIO.StringIO()
pickle.dump(t, fp, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
fp.seek(0)
p = pickle.load(fp)
print p
fp.close()
# 使用自定义类
# 这里演示用户自定义类，只要实现了write、read、readline接口，
# 就可以用作dump、load的file参数
def test_dump_and_load_with_user_def_class():
import StringIO
class FF(object):
def __init__(self):
self.buf = StringIO.StringIO()
def write(self, s):
self.buf.write(s)
print 'len: ', len(s)
def read(self, n):
return self.buf.read(n)
def readline(self):
return self.buf.readline()
def seek(self, pos, mod=0):
return self.buf.seek(pos, mod)
def close(self):
self.buf.close()
fp = FF()
t = {'name': ['v1', 'v2']}
pickle.dump(t, fp, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
fp.seek(0)
p = pickle.load(fp)
print p
fp.close()
# Pickler/Unpickler
# Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj) 等价于 pickle.dump(obj, file[, protocol])
# Unpickler(file).load() 等价于 pickle.load(file)
# Pickler/Unpickler 封装性更好，可以很方便的替换file
def test_pickler_unpickler():
t = {'name': ['v1', 'v2']}
f = file('test.bin', 'wb')
pick = pickle.Pickler(f, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
pick.dump(t)
f.close()
f = file('test.bin', 'rb')
unpick = pickle.Unpickler(f)
p = unpick.load()
print p
f.close()
pickle.dump(obj, file[, protocol])
这是将对象持久化的方法，参数的含义分别为：
- obj: 要持久化保存的对象；
- file: 一个拥有 write() 方法的对象，并且这个 write() 方法能接收一个字符串作为参数。这个对象可以是一个以写模式打开的文件对象或者一个 StringIO 对象，或者其他自定义的满足条件的对象。
- protocol: 这是一个可选的参数，默认为 0 ，如果设置为 1 或 True，则以高压缩的二进制格式保存持久化后的对象，否则以ASCII格式保存。
对象被持久化后怎么还原呢？pickle 模块也提供了相应的方法，如下：
pickle.load(file)
只有一个参数 file ，对应于上面 dump 方法中的 file 参数。这个 file 必须是一个拥有一个能接收一个整数为参数的 read() 方法以及一个不接收任何参数的 readline() 方法，并且这两个方法的返回值都应该是字符串。这可以是一个打开为读的文件对象、StringIO 对象或其他任何满足条件的对象。
下面是一个基本的用例：
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pickle
# 也可以这样：
# import cPickle as pickle
obj = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
# 将 obj 持久化保存到文件 tmp.txt 中
pickle.dump(obj, open("tmp.txt", "w"))
# do something else ...
# 从 tmp.txt 中读取并恢复 obj 对象
obj2 = pickle.load(open("tmp.txt", "r"))
print obj2
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pickle
# 也可以这样：
# import cPickle as pickle
obj = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
# 将 obj 持久化保存到文件 tmp.txt 中
pickle.dump(obj, open("tmp.txt", "w"))
# do something else ...
# 从 tmp.txt 中读取并恢复 obj 对象
obj2 = pickle.load(open("tmp.txt", "r"))
print obj2
不过实际应用中，我们可能还会有一些改进，比如用 cPickle 来代替 pickle ，前者是后者的一个 C 语言实现版本，拥有更快的速度，另外，有时在 dump 时也会将第三个参数设为 True 以提高压缩比。再来看下面的例子：
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import cPickle as pickle
import random
import os
import time
LENGTH = 1024 * 10240
def main():
d = {}
a = []
for i in range(LENGTH):
a.append(random.randint(0, 255))
d["a"] = a
print "dumping..."
t1 = time.time()
pickle.dump(d, open("tmp1.dat", "wb"), True)
print "dump1: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1)
t1 = time.time()
pickle.dump(d, open("tmp2.dat", "w"))
print "dump2: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1)
s1 = os.stat("tmp1.dat").st_size
s2 = os.stat("tmp2.dat").st_size
print "%d, %d, %.2f%%" % (s1, s2, 100.0 * s1 / s2)
print "loading..."
t1 = time.time()
obj1 = pickle.load(open("tmp1.dat", "rb"))
print "load1: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1)
t1 = time.time()
obj2 = pickle.load(open("tmp2.dat", "r"))
print "load2: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import cPickle as pickle
import random
import os
import time
LENGTH = 1024 * 10240
def main():
d = {}
a = []
for i in range(LENGTH):
a.append(random.randint(0, 255))
d["a"] = a
print "dumping..."
t1 = time.time()
pickle.dump(d, open("tmp1.dat", "wb"), True)
print "dump1: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1)
t1 = time.time()
pickle.dump(d, open("tmp2.dat", "w"))
print "dump2: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1)
s1 = os.stat("tmp1.dat").st_size
s2 = os.stat("tmp2.dat").st_size
print "%d, %d, %.2f%%" % (s1, s2, 100.0 * s1 / s2)
print "loading..."
t1 = time.time()
obj1 = pickle.load(open("tmp1.dat", "rb"))
print "load1: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1)
t1 = time.time()
obj2 = pickle.load(open("tmp2.dat", "r"))
print "load2: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
在我的电脑上执行结果为：
dumping… dump1: 1.297s dump2: 4.750s 20992503, 68894198, 30.47% loading… load1: 2.797s load2: 10.125s
可以看到，dump 时如果指定了 protocol 为 True，压缩过后的文件的大小只有原来的文件的 30% ，同时无论在 dump 时还是 load 时所耗费的时间都比原来少。因此，一般来说，可以建议把这个值设为 True 。
另外，pickle 模块还提供 dumps 和 loads 两个方法，用法与上面的 dump 和 load 方法类似，只是不需要输入 file 参数，输入及输出都是字符串对象，有些场景中使用这两个方法可能更为方便。
Hot AI Tools
Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos
AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.
Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free
Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover
Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!
Hot Article
Hot Tools
Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor
SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use
Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment
Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools
SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)
Hot Topics
PHP and Python: Different Paradigms Explained
Apr 18, 2025 am 12:26 AM
PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.
Choosing Between PHP and Python: A Guide
Apr 18, 2025 am 12:24 AM
PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.
Python vs. JavaScript: The Learning Curve and Ease of Use
Apr 16, 2025 am 12:12 AM
Python is more suitable for beginners, with a smooth learning curve and concise syntax; JavaScript is suitable for front-end development, with a steep learning curve and flexible syntax. 1. Python syntax is intuitive and suitable for data science and back-end development. 2. JavaScript is flexible and widely used in front-end and server-side programming.
PHP and Python: A Deep Dive into Their History
Apr 18, 2025 am 12:25 AM
PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.
Can vs code run in Windows 8
Apr 15, 2025 pm 07:24 PM
VS Code can run on Windows 8, but the experience may not be great. First make sure the system has been updated to the latest patch, then download the VS Code installation package that matches the system architecture and install it as prompted. After installation, be aware that some extensions may be incompatible with Windows 8 and need to look for alternative extensions or use newer Windows systems in a virtual machine. Install the necessary extensions to check whether they work properly. Although VS Code is feasible on Windows 8, it is recommended to upgrade to a newer Windows system for a better development experience and security.
Can visual studio code be used in python
Apr 15, 2025 pm 08:18 PM
VS Code can be used to write Python and provides many features that make it an ideal tool for developing Python applications. It allows users to: install Python extensions to get functions such as code completion, syntax highlighting, and debugging. Use the debugger to track code step by step, find and fix errors. Integrate Git for version control. Use code formatting tools to maintain code consistency. Use the Linting tool to spot potential problems ahead of time.
How to run python with notepad
Apr 16, 2025 pm 07:33 PM
Running Python code in Notepad requires the Python executable and NppExec plug-in to be installed. After installing Python and adding PATH to it, configure the command "python" and the parameter "{CURRENT_DIRECTORY}{FILE_NAME}" in the NppExec plug-in to run Python code in Notepad through the shortcut key "F6".
How to run sublime code python
Apr 16, 2025 am 08:48 AM
To run Python code in Sublime Text, you need to install the Python plug-in first, then create a .py file and write the code, and finally press Ctrl B to run the code, and the output will be displayed in the console.
