Oracle SQL性能优化系列学习一
Oracle SQL性能优化系列学习一
正在看的ORACLE教程是:Oracle SQL性能优化系列学习一。1. 选用适合的ORACLE优化器
ORACLE的优化器共有3种:
a. RULE (基于规则) b. COST (基于成本) c. CHOOSE (选择性)
设置缺省的优化器,可以通过对init.ora文件中OPTIMIZER_MODE参数的各种声明,如RULE,COST,CHOOSE,ALL_ROWS,FIRST_ROWS . 你当然也在SQL句级或是会话(session)级对其进行覆盖.
为了使用基于成本的优化器(CBO, Cost-Based Optimizer) , 你必须经常运行analyze 命令,以增加数据库中的对象统计信息(object statistics)的准确性.
如果数据库的优化器模式设置为选择性(CHOOSE),那么实际的优化器模式将和是否运行过analyze命令有关. 如果table已经被analyze过, 优化器模式将自动成为CBO , 反之,数据库将采用RULE形式的优化器.
在缺省情况下,ORACLE采用CHOOSE优化器, 为了避免那些不必要的全表扫描(full table scan) , 你必须尽量避免使用CHOOSE优化器,而直接采用基于规则或者基于成本的优化器.
2. 访问Table的方式
ORACLE 采用两种访问表中记录的方式:
a. 全表扫描
全表扫描就是顺序地访问表中每条记录. ORACLE采用一次读入多个数据块(database block)的方式优化全表扫描.
b. 通过ROWID访问表
你可以采用基于ROWID的访问方式情况,提高访问表的效率, , ROWID包含了表中记录的物理位置信息..ORACLE采用索引(INDEX)实现了数据和存放数据的物理位置(ROWID)之间的联系. 通常索引提供了快速访问ROWID的方法,因此那些基于索引列的查询就可以得到性能上的提高.
3. 共享SQL语句
为了不重复解析相同的SQL语句,在第一次解析之后, ORACLE将SQL语句存放在内存中.这块位于系统全局区域SGA(system global area)的共享池(shared buffer pool)中的内存可以被所有的数据库用户共享. 因此,当你执行一个SQL语句(有时被称为一个游标)时,如果它 和之前的执行过的语句完全相同, ORACLE就能很快获得已经被解析的语句以及最好的执行路径. ORACLE的这个功能大大地提高了SQL的执行性能并节省了内存的使用.
可惜的是ORACLE只对简单的表提供高速缓冲(cache buffering) ,这个功能并不适用于多表连接查询.
数据库管理员必须在init.ora中为这个区域设置合适的参数,当这个内存区域越大,就可以保留更多的语句,当然被共享的可能性也就越大了.
当你向ORACLE 提交一个SQL语句,ORACLE会首先在这块内存中查找相同的语句.
这里需要注明的是,ORACLE对两者采取的是一种严格匹配,要达成共享,SQL语句必须完全相同(包括空格,换行等).
共享的语句必须满足三个条件:
A. 字符级的比较:
当前被执行的语句和共享池中的语句必须完全相同.
例如:
SELECT * FROM EMP;
和下列每一个都不同
SELECT * from EMP;
Select * From Emp;
SELECT * FROM EMP;
B. 两个语句所指的对象必须完全相同:
例如:
用户 对象名 如何访问
Jack sal_limit private synonym
Work_city public synonym
Plant_detail public synonym
Jill sal_limit private synonym
Work_city public synonym
Plant_detail table owner
考虑一下下列SQL语句能否在这两个用户之间共享.
SQL能否共享,原因
select max(sal_cap) from sal_limit;
不能。每个用户都有一个private synonym - sal_limit , 它们是不同的对象
select count(*0 from work_city where sdesc like 'NEW%';
能。两个用户访问相同的对象public synonym - work_city
select a.sdesc,b.location from work_city a , plant_detail b where a.city_id = b.city_id
不能。用户jack 通过private synonym访问plant_detail 而jill 是表的所有者,对象不同.
C. 两个SQL语句中必须使用相同的名字的绑定变量(bind variables)
例如:
第一组的两个SQL语句是相同的(可以共享),而第二组中的两个语句是不同的(即使在运行时,赋于不同的绑定变量相同的值)
[NextPage]
a.
select pin , name from people where pin = :blk1.pin;
select pin , name from people where pin = :blk1.pin;
b.
select pin , name from people where pin = :blk1.ot_ind;
select pin , name from people where pin = :blk1.ov_ind;
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