使用SQL Server数据库嵌套子查询的方法
使用SQL Server数据库嵌套子查询的方法
很多SQL Server程序员对子查询(subqueries)的使用感到困惑,尤其对于嵌套子查询(即子查询中包含一个子查询)。现在,就让我们追本溯源地探究这个问题。有两种子查询类型:标准和相关。标准子查询执行一次,结果反馈给父查询。相关子查询每行执行一次,由父查询找回。在本文中,我将重点讨论嵌套子查询(nested subqueries)(我将在以后介绍相关子查询)。
试想这个问题:你想生成一个卖平垫圈的销售人员列表。你需要的数据分散在四个表格中:人员.联系方式(Person.Contact),人力资源.员工(HumanResources.Employee),销售.销售订单标题(Sales.SalesOrderHeader),销售.销售订单详情(Sales.SalesOrderDetail)。在SQL Server中,你从内压式(outside-in)写程序,但从外压式(inside-out)开始考虑非常有帮助,即可以一次解决需要的一个语句。
如果从内到外写起,可以检查Sales.SalesOrderDetail表格,在LIKE语句中匹配产品数(ProductNumber)值。你将这些行与Sales.SalesOrderHeader表格连接,从中可以获得销售人员IDs(SalesPersonIDs)。然后使用SalesPersonID连接SalesPersonID表格。最后,使用ContactID连接Person.Contact表格。
代码如下:
USE AdventureWorks ;
GO
SELECT DISTINCT c.LastName, c.FirstName
FROM Person.Contact c JOIN HumanResources.Employee e
ON e.ContactID = c.ContactID WHERE EmployeeID IN
(SELECT SalesPersonID
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader
WHERE SalesOrderID IN
(SELECT SalesOrderID
FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID IN
(SELECT ProductID
FROM Production.Product p
WHERE ProductNumber LIKE'FW%')));
GO
这个例子揭示了有关SQL Server的几个绝妙事情。你可以发现,可以用IN()参数替代SELECT 语句。在本例中,有两次应用,因此创建了一个嵌套子查询。
我是标准化(normalization)的发烧友,尽管我不接受其荒谬的长度。由于标准化具有各种查询而增加了复杂性。在这些情况下子查询就显得非常有用,嵌套子查询甚至更加有用。
当你需要的问题分散于很多表格中时,你必须再次将它们拼在一起,这时你可能发现嵌套子程序就很有用。

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