PHP实现单例模式最安全的做法_php实例
作为一种常用的设计模式,单例模式被广泛的使用。那么如何设计一个单例才是最好的呢?
通常我们会这么写,网上能搜到的例子也大部分是这样:
class A
{
protected static $_instance = null;
protected function __construct()
{
//disallow new instance
}
protected function __clone(){
//disallow clone
}
public function getInstance()
{
if (self::$_instance === null) {
self::$_instance = new self();
}
return self::$_instance;
}
}
class B extends A
{
protected static $_instance = null;
}
$a = A::getInstance();
$b = B::getInstance();
var_dump($a === $b);
将__construct方法设为私有,可以保证这个类不被其他人实例化。但这种写法一个显而易见的问题是:代码不能复用。比如我们在一个一个类继承A:
class B extends A
{
protected static $_instance = null;
}
$a = A::getInstance();
$b = B::getInstance();
var_dump($a === $b);
上面的代码会输出:
bool(true)
问题出在self上,self的引用是在类被定义时就决定的,也就是说,继承了B的A,他的self引用仍然指向A。为了解决这个问题,在PHP 5.3中引入了后期静态绑定的特性。简单说是通过static关键字来访问静态的方法或者变量,与self不同,static的引用是由运行时决定。于是简单改写一下我们的代码,让单例模式可以复用。
class C
{
protected static $_instance = null;
protected function __construct()
{
}
protected function __clone()
{
//disallow clone
}
public function getInstance()
{
if (static::$_instance === null) {
static::$_instance = new static;
}
return static::$_instance;
}
}
class D extends C
{
protected static $_instance = null;
}
$c = C::getInstance();
$d = D::getInstance();
var_dump($c === $d);
以上代码输出:
bool(false)
这样,简单的继承并重新初始化$_instance变量就能实现单例模式。注意上面的方法只有在PHP 5.3中才能使用,对于之前版本的PHP,还是老老实实为每个单例类写一个getInstance()方法吧。
需要提醒的是,PHP中单例模式虽然没有像Java一样的线程安全问题,但是对于有状态的类,还是要小心的使用单例模式。单例模式的类会伴随PHP运行的整个生命周期,对于内存也是一种开销。

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