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浅谈 Oracle 监听器

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:04 PM
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Oracle 监听器 Listener 是一个重要的数据库服务器组件,在整个 Oracle 体系结构中,扮演着重要的作用。它负责管理 Oracle 数据库

Oracle 监听器 Listener 是一个重要的数据库服务器组件,在整个 Oracle 体系结构中,扮演着重要的作用。它负责管理 Oracle 数据库和客户端之间的通讯,它在一个特定的网卡端口(默认是TCP 1521端口)上监听连接请求,并将连接转发给数据库,下面的部分,会从几个方面对监听器进行简单介绍。

oracle_database_listener

1.监听器的功能

从当前的 Oracle 版本看,Listener 主要负责下面的几方面功能:

  • 监听客户端请求。监听器运行在数据库服务器之上,与 Oracle 实例(可为多个)相关关联,是一个专门的进程 process,在 Windows 的服务项目或者 Linux 的运行进程列表中,都会看到对应的运行进程。Windows 上名为 TNSLSNR,Linux/Unix 平台上是 lsnrctl。监听器守候在服务器制定端口(默认为:1521),监听客户端的请求。
  • 为客户端请求分配 Server Process。监听器只负责接听请求,之后将请求转接给 Oracle Server Process。在 Oracle 的服务模式下,客户端进程是不允许直接操作数据库实例和数据,而是通过一个服务进程 Server Process(也称为影子进程)作为代理。监听器接受到请求之后,就向操作系统(或者 Dispatcher 组件)要求 fork(或分配)一个 Server Process 与客户端相连。
  • 注册实例服务。本质上讲,Listener 是建立实例和客户端进程之间联系的桥梁。Listener 与实例之间的联系,就是通过注册的过程来实现的。注册的过程就是实例告诉监听器,它的数据库数据库实例名称 instance_name 和服务名 service_names。监听器注册上这样的信息,对客户端请求根据监听注册信息,找到正确的服务实例名称。目前 Oracle 版本中,提供动态注册和静态注册两种方式。
  • 错误转移 failover。failover 是 RAC 容错的一个重要方面功能,其功能是在数据库实例崩溃的时候,可以自动将请求转移到其他可用实例上的一种功能。可以提供很大程度上的可用性(Availability)功能。这个过程中,发现实例已经崩溃,并且将请求转移到其他实例上,就属于是 Listener 的功能。
  • 负载均衡衡量。在 RAC 架构中,Oracle 实现了负载均衡。当一个客户请求到来时,Oracle 会根据当前 RAC 集群环境中所有实例的负载情况,避开负载较高的实例,将请求转移到负载较低的实例进行处理。在早期 RAC 版本中,负载轻重的衡量是根据监听器当前维护连接数目来确定的,而不是实时查看多实例的负载。RAC 环境中的监听器之间进行沟通通信。
  • 2.监听器的操作

    监听器在 Windows 和 Linux/Unix 平台上,都是可以直接操作的。下面以 Linux 平台操作为例,其他平台类似。

    在命令行窗口(CMD),输入 lsnrctl,就可以进入监听器控制窗口。

    [oracle@newtest ~]$ lsnrctl

    LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 10.2.0.4.0 – Production on 06-APR-2011 14:31:46
    Copyright (c) 1991, 2007, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
    Welcome to LSNRCTL, type “help” for information.

    LSNRCTL>

    通过输入命令 help,可以查看支持的监听器操作。下面仅介绍常用的几个:

    查看当前监听器状态:

    敲入 status,可以查看当前监听器的状态,对应操作日志信息和服务注册信息等内容。如下:

    LSNRCTL> status

    Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=127.0.0.1)(PORT=1521)))

    STATUS of the LISTENER
    ————————
    Alias LISTENER
    Version TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 10.2.0.4.0 – Production
    Start Date 18-MAR-2011 18:03:56
    Uptime 18 days 20 hr. 28 min. 37 sec
    Trace Level off
    Security ON: Local OS Authentication
    SNMP OFF

    Listener Parameter File /home/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora

    Listener Log File /home/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/log/listener.log

    Listening Endpoints Summary…

    (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=127.0.0.1)(PORT=1521)))
    Services Summary…
    Service “Test” has 2 instance(s).
    Instance “Test”, status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service…
    Instance “Test”, status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service…
    Service “TestXDB” has 1 instance(s).
    Instance “Test”, status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service…
    Service “Test_XPT” has 1 instance(s).
    Instance “Test”, status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service…
    The command completed successfully

    LSNRCTL>

    需要额外注意的下面几项内容。

    监听程序参数文件 /home/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora  //使用的参数

    监听器启动时依据参数文件的,当然没有参数文件监听器也是可以启动,那时监听器依据默认的行为操作。这个参数指定了监听器参数文件的位置,listener.ora。这个文件是一个文本类型参数文件,描述了监听器监听端口,主机名称和静态注册信息。Listener.ora是随着数据库实例的建立之后,建立监听器的过程中动态配置的。

    监听程序日志文件 /home/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/log/listener.log //操作日志位置

    监听器日志,是一个记录和描述监听器工作和错误的信息库。通过仔细研究日志内容,可以帮助我们发现当前的监听器的问题、解决连接故障和深入理解监听器工作原理。

    上文中已经说明,监听器有注册功能,通过 status 命令(services命令同样效果)。可以查看到当前有什么服务被注册上,用来检查连接服务失败,,是常用的工具。

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