MySQL事务以及加锁机制
InnoDB通过为每个数据航增加两个隐含值的方式来实现。这两个隐含值记录了行的创建时间,以及过期时间。每一行存储事件发生时的系
事务的特征ACID,即原子性、一致性、隔离性、持久性。
原子性保证一个事务为一个最小的单元,内部不可分割;
一致性保证事务中的每个操作线程不可单独提交,成功则一起提交,不成功则事务回滚;
隔离性保证不同事务间看到的数据视图相互独立,相互隔离(隔离级别可设置);
持久性保证事务提交后数据会持久的保存下来;
sql规范定义的事务的隔离级别:
1.READ UNCOMMITTED(读取未提交内容)
所有事务可以看到未提交事务的执行结果,本隔离级别很少用到实际应用中,读取未提交的数据,又称为“脏读”。
2.READ COMMITTED(读取提交内容)
大多数数据库的默认隔离级别是此级别,但不是mysql默认的。一个事务在开始的时候只能看见已提交事务所做的改变。一个事务从开始到提交前所做的任何改变都是不可见的,除非提交。这种隔离级别也称为不可重复读。
3.REPEATABLE READ(可重复读)
锁定查询中使用的所有数据以防止其他用户更新数据,但是其他用户可以将新的幻像行插入数据集,且幻像行包括在当前事务的后续读取中。此级别也称为“幻读”。
4.SERIALIZABLE(可串行化)
可串行化是最高的隔离级别,它通过强制事务排序,使之不可重读,解决了幻读的问题。此隔离级别会在每个读的数据行上加共享锁,使用这种隔离级别会产生大量的超时现象,一般实际开发中不会用到。
mysql加锁机制 :
根据类型可分为共享锁(SHARED LOCK)和排他锁(EXCLUSIVE LOCK)或者叫读锁(READ LOCK)和写锁(WRITE LOCK)。
根据粒度划分又分表锁和行锁。表锁由数据库服务器实现,行锁由存储引擎实现。
mysql提供了3种事务型存储引擎,InnDB、NDB Cluster和Falcon。
一个事务执行的任何过程中都可以获得锁,但是只有事务提交或回滚的时候才释放这些锁。这些都是隐式锁定,也可以显式锁定,InnoDB支持显式锁定,,例如:
SELECT .... LOCK IN SHARE MODE (加共享锁)
SELECT .....FOR UPDATE(加排他锁)
多版本并发控制(重要):
Mysql的事务存储引擎不是简单实用行加锁机制,而是叫多版本并发控制(MVCC)技术,和行加锁机制关联实用。以便应对更高的并发,当然是以消耗性能作为代价。
每种存储引擎对MVCC的实现方式不同,InnoDB引擎的简单实现方式如下:
InnoDB通过为每个数据航增加两个隐含值的方式来实现。这两个隐含值记录了行的创建时间,以及过期时间。每一行存储事件发生时的系统版本号。每一次开始一个新事务时版本号会自动加1,每个事务都会保存开始时的版本号,每个查询根据事务的版本号来查询结果。
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Ubuntu 14.04下安装MySQL
《MySQL权威指南(原书第2版)》清晰中文扫描版 PDF
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 安装 LNMP Nginx\PHP5 (PHP-FPM)\MySQL
Ubuntu 14.04下搭建MySQL主从服务器
Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 构建高可用分布式 MySQL 集群
Ubuntu 12.04下源代码安装MySQL5.6以及Python-MySQLdb
MySQL-5.5.38通用二进制安装
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