Home Database Mysql Tutorial 图解SQL的各种连接join

图解SQL的各种连接join

Jun 07, 2016 pm 04:24 PM
join sql Illustration connect

对于SQL的Join,在学习起来可能是比较乱的。我们知道,SQL的Join语法有很多inner的,有outer的,有left的,有时候,对于Select出来的结果集是什么样子有点不是很清楚。Coding Horror上有一篇文章(实在不清楚为什么Coding Horror也被墙)通过 文氏图 Venn di

对于SQL的Join,在学习起来可能是比较乱的。我们知道,SQL的Join语法有很多inner的,有outer的,有left的,有时候,对于Select出来的结果集是什么样子有点不是很清楚。Coding Horror上有一篇文章(实在不清楚为什么Coding Horror也被墙)通过 文氏图 Venn diagrams解释了SQL的Join。我觉得清楚易懂,转过来。

假设我们有两张表,Table A是左边的表,Table B是右边的表。

其各有四条记录,其中有两条记录是相同的,如下所示:

id name       id  name
-- ----       --  ----
1  Pirate     1   Rutabaga
2  Monkey     2   Pirate
3  Ninja      3   Darth Vader
4  Spaghetti  4   Ninja
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下面让我们来看看不同的Join会产生什么样的结果。

SELECT * FROM TableA INNER JOIN TableB
ON TableA.name = TableB.name
id  name       id   name
--  ----       --   ----
1   Pirate     2    Pirate
3   Ninja      4    Ninja
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Inner join
产生的结果集中,是A和B的交集。

Venn diagram of SQL inner join
SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB
ON TableA.name = TableB.name
id    name       id    name
--    ----       --    ----
1     Pirate     2     Pirate
2     Monkey     null  null
3     Ninja      4     Ninja
4     Spaghetti  null  null
null	null	1     Rutabaga
null	null	3     Darth Vader
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Full outer join 产生A和B的并集。但是需要注意的是,对于没有匹配的记录,则会以null做为值。

Venn diagram of SQL cartesian join
SELECT * FROM TableA LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name
id  name       id    name
--  ----       --    ----
1   Pirate     2     Pirate
2   Monkey		null	null
3   Ninja      4     Ninja
4   Spaghetti	null	null
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Left outer join 产生表A的完全集,而B表中匹配的则有值,没有匹配的则以null值取代。

Venn diagram of SQL left join
SELECT * FROM TableA LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name WHERE TableB.id IS null
id  name       id     name
--  ----       --     ----
2   Monkey	null	null
4   Spaghetti	null	null
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产生在A表中有而在B表中没有的集合。

join-left-outer.png
SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name WHERE TableA.id IS null OR TableB.id IS null
id    name       id    name
--    ----       --    ----
2     Monkey	null	null
4     Spaghetti	null	null
null	null	1     Rutabaga
null	null	3     Darth Vader
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产生A表和B表都没有出现的数据集。

join-outer.png

还需要注册的是我们还有一个是"交差集" cross join, 这种Join没有办法用文式图表示,因为其就是把表A和表B的数据进行一个N*M的组合,即笛卡尔积。表达式如下:

SELECT * FROM TableA
CROSS JOIN TableB
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这个笛卡尔乘积会产生 4 x 4 = 16 条记录,一般来说,我们很少用到这个语法。但是我们得小心,如果不是使用嵌套的select语句,一般系统都会产生笛卡尔乘积然再做过滤。这是对于性能来说是非常危险的,尤其是表很大的时候。

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