图解SQL的各种连接join
对于SQL的Join,在学习起来可能是比较乱的。我们知道,SQL的Join语法有很多inner的,有outer的,有left的,有时候,对于Select出来的结果集是什么样子有点不是很清楚。Coding Horror上有一篇文章(实在不清楚为什么Coding Horror也被墙)通过 文氏图 Venn di
对于SQL的Join,在学习起来可能是比较乱的。我们知道,SQL的Join语法有很多inner的,有outer的,有left的,有时候,对于Select出来的结果集是什么样子有点不是很清楚。Coding Horror上有一篇文章(实在不清楚为什么Coding Horror也被墙)通过 文氏图 Venn diagrams解释了SQL的Join。我觉得清楚易懂,转过来。
假设我们有两张表,Table A是左边的表,Table B是右边的表。
其各有四条记录,其中有两条记录是相同的,如下所示:
id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 1 Rutabaga 2 Monkey 2 Pirate 3 Ninja 3 Darth Vader 4 Spaghetti 4 Ninja
下面让我们来看看不同的Join会产生什么样的结果。
SELECT * FROM TableA INNER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 3 Ninja 4 Ninja Copy after login Inner join |
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SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 2 Monkey null null 3 Ninja 4 Ninja 4 Spaghetti null null null null 1 Rutabaga null null 3 Darth Vader Copy after login Full outer join 产生A和B的并集。但是需要注意的是,对于没有匹配的记录,则会以null做为值。 |
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SELECT * FROM TableA LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 2 Monkey null null 3 Ninja 4 Ninja 4 Spaghetti null null Copy after login Left outer join 产生表A的完全集,而B表中匹配的则有值,没有匹配的则以null值取代。 |
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SELECT * FROM TableA LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name WHERE TableB.id IS null id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 2 Monkey null null 4 Spaghetti null null Copy after login 产生在A表中有而在B表中没有的集合。 |
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SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name WHERE TableA.id IS null OR TableB.id IS null id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 2 Monkey null null 4 Spaghetti null null null null 1 Rutabaga null null 3 Darth Vader Copy after login 产生A表和B表都没有出现的数据集。 |
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还需要注册的是我们还有一个是"交差集" cross join, 这种Join没有办法用文式图表示,因为其就是把表A和表B的数据进行一个N*M的组合,即笛卡尔积。表达式如下:
SELECT * FROM TableA CROSS JOIN TableB
这个笛卡尔乘积会产生 4 x 4 = 16 条记录,一般来说,我们很少用到这个语法。但是我们得小心,如果不是使用嵌套的select语句,一般系统都会产生笛卡尔乘积然再做过滤。这是对于性能来说是非常危险的,尤其是表很大的时候。

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