详解 SQL 对集合的操作:交、差、并
我认为Ligaya Turmelle的关于SQL联合(join)语句的帖子对于新开发者来说是份很好的材料。SQL 联合语句好像是基于集合的,用韦恩图来解释咋一看是很自然而然的。不过正如在她的帖子的回复中所说的,在测试中我发现韦恩图并不是十分的匹配SQL联合语法。 不过
我认为Ligaya Turmelle的关于SQL联合(join)语句的帖子对于新开发者来说是份很好的材料。SQL 联合语句好像是基于集合的,用韦恩图来解释咋一看是很自然而然的。不过正如在她的帖子的回复中所说的,在测试中我发现韦恩图并不是十分的匹配SQL联合语法。
不过我还是喜欢这个观点,所以我们来看看能不能用上韦恩图。假设我们有下面两张表。表A在左边,表B在右边。我们给它们各四条记录。
1 2 3 4 5 6 | id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 1 Rutabaga 2 Monkey 2 Pirate 3 Ninja 3 Darth Vader 4 Spaghetti 4 Ninja |
我们用过name字段用几种不同方式把这些表联合起来,看能否得到和那些漂亮的韦恩图在概念上的匹配。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | SELECT * FROM TableA INNER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 3 Ninja 4 Ninja |
内联合(inner join)只生成同时匹配表A和表B的记录集。(如下图):交集
——————————————————————————-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 2 Monkey null null 3 Ninja 4 Ninja 4 Spaghetti null null null null 1 Rutabaga null null 3 Darth Vader |
全外联合(full outer join)生成表A和表B里的记录全集,包括两边都匹配的记录。如果有一边没有匹配的,缺失的这一边为null。(如下图):并集
——————————————————————————-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | SELECT * FROM TableA LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 2 Monkey null null 3 Ninja 4 Ninja 4 Spaghetti null null |
左外联合(left outer join)生成表A的所有记录,包括在表B里匹配的记录。如果没有匹配的,右边将是null。(如下图)
——————————————————————————-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | SELECT * FROM TableA LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name WHERE TableB.id IS null id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 2 Monkey null null 4 Spaghetti null null |
为了生成只在表A里而不在表B里的记录集,我们用同样的左外联合,然后用where语句排除我们不想要的记录。(如下图):差集
——————————————————————————-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name WHERE TableA.id IS null OR TableB.id IS null id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 2 Monkey null null 4 Spaghetti null null null null 1 Rutabaga null null 3 Darth Vader |
为了生成对于表A和表B唯一的记录集,我们用同样的全外联合,然后用where语句排除两边都不想要的记录。(如下图)
———————————————————–
还有一种笛卡尔积或者交叉联合(cross join),据我所知不能用韦恩图表示:
1 2 | SELECT * FROM TableA CROSS JOIN TableB |
这个把“所有”联接到“所有”,产生4乘4=16行,远多于原始的集合。如果你学过数学,你便知道为什么这个联合遇上大型的表很危险。

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