Backend Development
PHP Tutorial
Detailed explanation of several ways PHP handles passwords_php examples
Detailed explanation of several ways PHP handles passwords_php examples
在 PHP中，经常会对用户身份进行认证。本文意在讨论对密码的处理，也就是对密码的加密处理。
MD5
相信很多PHP开发者在最先接触PHP的时候，处理密码的首选加密函数可能就是MD5了，我当时就是这样的：
$password = md5($_POST["password"]);
上面这段代码是不是很熟悉？然而MD5的加密方式目前已经不太安全了，因为它的加密算法实在是显得有点简单了，而且很多破解密码的站点都存放了很多经过MD5加密的密码字符串，所以这里我是非常不提倡还在单单使用MD5来加密用户的密码的。
SHA256 和 SHA512
其实跟前面的MD5同期的还有一个SHA1加密方式的，不过也是算法比较简单，所以这里就不介绍了。而这里即将要说到的SHA256 和 SHA512都是来自于SHA2家族的加密函数，看名字可能你就猜的出来了，这两个加密方式分别生成256和512比特长度的 hash字串。
他们的使用方法如下：
$password = hash("sha256", $password);PHP内置了hash()函数，你只需要将加密方式传给hash()函数就好了。你可以直接指明sha256, sha512, md5, sha1等加密方式。
盐值
在加密的过程，我们还有一个非常常见的东西：盐值。对，我们在加密的时候其实会给加密的字符串添加一个额外的字符串，以达到提高一定安全的目的，并且盐值要记录下来，方便以后的比对：
function generateHashWithSalt($password) {
$intermediateSalt = md5(uniqid(rand(), true));
$salt = substr($intermediateSalt, 0, 6);
return hash("sha256", $password . $salt);
}Bcrypt
Bcrypt不失为一种比较不错的加密方式了，但是后面介绍的 Hashing API更好。
function generateHash($password) {
if (defined("CRYPT_BLOWFISH") && CRYPT_BLOWFISH) {
$salt = '$2y$11$' . substr(md5(uniqid(rand(), true)), 0, 22);
return crypt($password, $salt);
}
}Bcrypt 其实就是Blowfish和crypt()函数的结合，我们这里通过CRYPT_BLOWFISH判断Blowfish是否可用，然后像上面一样生成一个盐值，不过这里需要注意的是，crypt()的盐值必须以 $2a$ 或者 $2y$ 开头。
Password Hashing API
这里才是我们的重头戏，Password Hashing API是PHP 5.5之后才有的新特性，它主要是提供下面几个函数供我们使用：
password_hash() //对密码加密. password_verify() //验证已经加密的密码，检验其hash字串是否一致. password_needs_rehash() //给密码重新加密. password_get_info() //返回加密算法的名称和一些相关信息.
使用这套 API不仅简单，而且更加安全，这也是 PHP官方推荐的加密方式。
$hash = password_hash($passwod, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
PASSWORD_DEFAULT目前使用的就是Bcrypt加密算法，这里需要注意的是，如果你代码使用的都是PASSWORD_DEFAULT加密方式，那么在数据库的表中，password字段就得设置超过60个字符长度，你也可以使用PASSWORD_BCRYPT算法，该算法加密后的字符串长度总为60。
这里使用 password_hash()你完全可以不提供盐值(salt)和 消耗值 (cost)，你可以将后者理解为一种性能的消耗值，cost越大，加密算法越复杂，消耗的内存也就越大。当然，如果你需要指定对应的盐值和消耗值，你可以这样写：
$options = [ 'salt' => custom_function_for_salt(), //自定义函数来获得盐值 'cost' => 12 // the default cost is 10 ]; $hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, $options);
不过一般自定义 cost就好了， salt值则使用默认的。
加密好后，只需要简单的使用即可验证密码是否正确
<?php
if (password_verify($password, $hash)) {
// Pass
}
else {
// Invalid
}直接使用password_verify就可以对我们之前加密过的字符串（存在数据库中）进行验证了。
如果要更换更改加密的方式，则必须使用以下代码来重新加密：
if (password_needs_rehash($hash, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, ['cost' => 12])) {
// cost 变为 12
$hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, ['cost' => 12]);
// 然后重新保存 hash值
}
只有这样，PHP的 Password Hashing API才会知道我们重现更换了加密方式，这样才能完成之后的密码验证。
password_get_info()，这个函数一般可以看到下面三个信息：
1、algo – 算法实例
2、algoName – 算法名字
3、options – 加密时候的可选参数
以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持脚本之家。
Hot AI Tools
Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos
AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.
Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free
Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover
Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!
Hot Article
Hot Tools
Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor
SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use
Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment
Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools
SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)
Hot Topics
Alipay PHP SDK transfer error: How to solve the problem of 'Cannot declare class SignData'?
Apr 01, 2025 am 07:21 AM
Alipay PHP...
Explain JSON Web Tokens (JWT) and their use case in PHP APIs.
Apr 05, 2025 am 12:04 AM
JWT is an open standard based on JSON, used to securely transmit information between parties, mainly for identity authentication and information exchange. 1. JWT consists of three parts: Header, Payload and Signature. 2. The working principle of JWT includes three steps: generating JWT, verifying JWT and parsing Payload. 3. When using JWT for authentication in PHP, JWT can be generated and verified, and user role and permission information can be included in advanced usage. 4. Common errors include signature verification failure, token expiration, and payload oversized. Debugging skills include using debugging tools and logging. 5. Performance optimization and best practices include using appropriate signature algorithms, setting validity periods reasonably,
How does session hijacking work and how can you mitigate it in PHP?
Apr 06, 2025 am 12:02 AM
Session hijacking can be achieved through the following steps: 1. Obtain the session ID, 2. Use the session ID, 3. Keep the session active. The methods to prevent session hijacking in PHP include: 1. Use the session_regenerate_id() function to regenerate the session ID, 2. Store session data through the database, 3. Ensure that all session data is transmitted through HTTPS.
How to debug CLI mode in PHPStorm?
Apr 01, 2025 pm 02:57 PM
How to debug CLI mode in PHPStorm? When developing with PHPStorm, sometimes we need to debug PHP in command line interface (CLI) mode...
Describe the SOLID principles and how they apply to PHP development.
Apr 03, 2025 am 12:04 AM
The application of SOLID principle in PHP development includes: 1. Single responsibility principle (SRP): Each class is responsible for only one function. 2. Open and close principle (OCP): Changes are achieved through extension rather than modification. 3. Lisch's Substitution Principle (LSP): Subclasses can replace base classes without affecting program accuracy. 4. Interface isolation principle (ISP): Use fine-grained interfaces to avoid dependencies and unused methods. 5. Dependency inversion principle (DIP): High and low-level modules rely on abstraction and are implemented through dependency injection.
How to automatically set permissions of unixsocket after system restart?
Mar 31, 2025 pm 11:54 PM
How to automatically set the permissions of unixsocket after the system restarts. Every time the system restarts, we need to execute the following command to modify the permissions of unixsocket: sudo...
How to send a POST request containing JSON data using PHP's cURL library?
Apr 01, 2025 pm 03:12 PM
Sending JSON data using PHP's cURL library In PHP development, it is often necessary to interact with external APIs. One of the common ways is to use cURL library to send POST�...
Explain late static binding in PHP (static::).
Apr 03, 2025 am 12:04 AM
Static binding (static::) implements late static binding (LSB) in PHP, allowing calling classes to be referenced in static contexts rather than defining classes. 1) The parsing process is performed at runtime, 2) Look up the call class in the inheritance relationship, 3) It may bring performance overhead.
