PHP simple pseudo-static URL mechanism implementation
曾几何时，我们公司准备开发一套新的建站系统，决定将以前的框架给KO掉，重新开发一套新的框架来适应新的系统功能。领导们不希望使用外面已有的框架，号称要开发有自己特色的框架（不懂开发的领导害死人）。于是我们又投入到了新的开发当中。
由于我们的系统支持伪静态，以前的系统是直接使用服务器apache或IIS自带的rewrite文件定义规则，而框架中没有任何路由机制，于是这次框架准备使用新的策略，由PHP实现路由机制。于是我开始了功能实现的探索之路。
开发之前，我先了解‘路由机制’要做什么，它主要做两件事。
1.路由机制就是把某一个特定形式的URL结构中提炼出来系统对应的参数。举个例子,如：http://main.wopop.com/article/1 其中：/article/1 -> ?_m=article&id=1。
2.其次，是将拥有对应参数的URL转换成特定形式的URL结构，是上面的过程的逆向过程。由于路由机制隔离了URL结构和参数的转换关系，使的日后结构的变化不会影响下面代码的执行。
通过上面的了解，可以得出要编写一个路由机制要一下几步：
1.编写服务器apache或IIS自带的rewrite文件，将URL结构导入index.php。
2.一个路由规则配置文件。
3.一个路由解析器，用来解析规则，匹配和转换URL。
于是，我们一一实现其中的每一个部分。
1.rewrite文件编写，以Apache为例：
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^index\.php$ - [L]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule (.+) index.php/$1 [L]
</IfModule>上面的代码就是将URL结构导入index.php中，具体的rewrite细节就不赘述了。
2.在PHP中设置一个路由规则配置文件routes.php,我简单的使用了一个hash数组编写规则：
/**
*路由配置文件编写说明：
* 路由配置在一个array数组中，一条记录代表一个规则
* 其中数组key的数据代表匹配的路径格式：使用特定的字符串标识 如：'/{id}'
* 字符串中可以包含特定的变量，所有变量使用大括号{}包裹起来
* 数组value里是一个array数组，是对key中路径中变量进行特定处理
* 变量写在数组的key中，规范写在数组的value里，如：array('id'=>'/\d+/','_m'=>'frontpage','_a'=>'index')
* 规范分成两类：
* 1.格式判断：比如 '/{id}'=> array('id'=>'/\d+/','_m'=>'frontpage','_a'=>'index') 为例，其中'id'=>'/\d+/'就是一个格式判断，
* 表示id变量只能是数字，格式判断后面只能使用正则表达式，由于PHP没有正则类，所以我指定 '/XXX/'和'#XXX#'格式的字符串为正则表达式
* 2.默认参数：比如 '/{id}'=> array('id'=>'/\d+/','_m'=>'frontpage','_a'=>'index') 为例，其中'_m'=>'frontpage'就是一个默认参数，
* 因为前面的路径没有_m和_a信息，所以后面会使用默认参数作为_m和_a的值
*
* 所以对于规则'/{id}'=> array('id'=>'/\d+/','_m'=>'frontpage','_a'=>'index')。我传入 /3 系统会转换成 index.php?_m=frontpage&_a=index&id=3
*
* 规则匹配是按照$routes数组的顺序逐一匹配，一旦匹配上了就不往下匹配了。所以一些特定的匹配规则要放在前面，通用的放在后面。
* 否则可能导致不执行特定的匹配规则了
*/
$routes= array(
'/' => array('_m'=>'wp_frontpage','_a'=>'index'),
'/{id}'=> array('id'=>'/\d+/','_m'=>'wp_frontpage','_a'=>'index'),
'/{_m}/{_a}/{id}'=> array('id'=>'/\d+/'),
'/{_m}/{_a}'=> array()
);3.路由机制中最复杂也是最重要的一部分，就是解析器。
解析器有两个类组成（名字可能起的不佳）。
一个是Route，作为整个解析器对外的接口，用于解析规则，匹配和转换URL，然而它只是一个代理，实际操作不是直接由它直接做的。
一个是RoutePattern，每个RoutePattern实例对应规则数组中的一条记录，一个Route实例包含多个RoutePattern，而Route中的所有操作都会调用内部所有RoutePattern实例操作，并进行整合。
class Route
{
private static $instance = null;
private $routepatterns=array();
private function __construct()
{
$routes = array();
include ROOT."/routes.php";
foreach($routes as $key=>$value){
$this->routepatterns[]=new RoutePattern($key,$value);
}
if(!isset($_SERVER['PATH_INFO'])) return false;
$urlpath= $_SERVER['PATH_INFO'];
$ismatch=$this->match_url($urlpath);
$strip_urlpath=str_replace('/','',$urlpath);
if(!$ismatch&&!empty($strip_urlpath)){
Content::redirect(PAGE_404);
}
}
/**
* 用路由规则匹配对应的url地址，匹配成功将对应url参数放入$_GET中
* @param string url地址
* @return bool 是否匹配成功
*/
public function match_url($urlpath){
foreach($this->routepatterns as $router){
$urlargs=$router->match_url($urlpath);
if($urlargs!==false){
$_GET=array_merge($urlargs,$_GET);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public function rewrite_url($urlparams){
foreach($this->routepatterns as $router){
$urlstr=$router->rewrite_url($urlparams);
if($urlstr!==false){
return $urlstr;
}
}
$actualparams=array();
foreach($urlparams as $arg=>$val){
$actualparams[]=$arg."=".urlencode($val);
}
$actualparamstr=implode('&', $actualparams);
$rewriteurl="/index.php";
if(!empty($rewriteurl))$rewriteurl.="?{$actualparamstr}";
return $rewriteurl;
}
public static function init()
{
if (null == self::$instance) {
self::$instance = new Route();
}
return self::$instance;
}
}
class RoutePattern{
//......
}
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