Table of Contents
Linux /etc/shadow(影子文件)
修改密码:passwd" >修改密码:passwd
锁定用户的密码" >锁定用户的密码
查看账号的密码状态" >查看账号的密码状态
非交互式修改密码" >非交互式修改密码
删除用户的密码" >删除用户的密码
修改帐号和密码的有效期限chage" >修改帐号和密码的有效期限chage
使用-l参数列出用户密码过期的设置:" >使用-l参数列出用户密码过期的设置:
修改密码有效期" >修改密码有效期
设置密码有效期到指定日期" >设置密码有效期到指定日期
修改为密码永不过期" >修改为密码永不过期
使密码立即失效" >使密码立即失效
使用openssl生成密码" >使用openssl生成密码
查看支持的加密算法" >查看支持的加密算法
使用sha512算法生成密码" >使用sha512算法生成密码
给密码加盐(-salt)" >给密码加盐(-salt)
密文分段详解" >密文分段详解
配置创建新用户的密码策略" >配置创建新用户的密码策略
修改密码最大有效期为20天
Home Operation and Maintenance Linux Operation and Maintenance In which file are linux user passwords stored?

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

Mar 03, 2023 am 10:09 AM
linux

linux用户密码存放在“/etc/shadow”文件中。“/etc/shadow”文件又称为“影子文件”,用于存储Linux系统中用户的密码信息;该文件只有root用户拥有读权限,其他用户没有任何权限,这样就保证了用户密码的安全性。

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

本教程操作环境:linux7.3系统、Dell G3电脑。

linux用户密码存放在“/etc/shadow”文件中。

Linux /etc/shadow(影子文件)

/etc/shadow 文件,用于存储 Linux 系统中用户的密码信息,又称为“影子文件”。

由于/etc/passwd 文件允许所有用户读取,易导致用户密码泄露,因此 Linux 系统将用户的密码信息从 /etc/passwd 文件中分离出来,并单独放到了此文件中。

/etc/shadow 文件只有 root 用户拥有读权限,其他用户没有任何权限,这样就保证了用户密码的安全性。

注意,如果这个文件的权限发生了改变,则需要注意是否是恶意攻击。

执行如下命令,打开/etc/shadow 文件看看:

vim /etc/shadow
root: $6$9w5Td6lg
$bgpsy3olsq9WwWvS5Sst2W3ZiJpuCGDY.4w4MRk3ob/i85fl38RH15wzVoom ff9isV1 PzdcXmixzhnMVhMxbvO:15775:0:99999:7:::
bin:*:15513:0:99999:7:::
daemon:*:15513:0:99999:7:::
…省略部分输出…
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同 /etc/passwd 文件一样,文件中每行代表一个用户,同样使用 ":" 作为分隔符,不同之处在于,每行用户信息被划分为 9 个字段。每个字段的含义如下:

用户名:加密密码:最后一次修改时间:最小修改时间间隔:密码有效期:密码需要变更前的警告天数:密码过期后的宽限时间:账号失效时间:保留字段

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

修改密码:passwd

https://www.php.cn/link/08af0398d15fb438a439f024e443b059
https://www.php.cn/link/0f443201cbd1f35c5b374a282180e210

passwd命令用于更新/etc/shadow文件中用户的身份验证令牌。

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

# 当前用户修改密码,直接使用passwd
passwd

# 为其他用户修改密码
passwd 用户名
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锁定用户的密码

禁用用户
passwd命令用于更新/etc/shadow文件中用户的身份验证令牌。

https://www.php.cn/link/42c4d9f00d36696504b5d3f76c5dd154

# 锁定用户的密码
passwd -l daygeek
## 回显
Locking password for user daygeek.
passwd: Success

# 查看用户的密码锁定状态
passwd -S daygeek

# 解锁用户的密码
passwd -u daygeek
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查看账号的密码状态

# 查看账号的密码状态
passwd -S root
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帐户密码状态的简短信息。

  • LK:密码被锁定
  • NP:没有设置密码
  • PS:密码已设置

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

非交互式修改密码

单引号' ',双引号" "区别:

  • 单引号' '剥夺了所有字符的特殊含义,单引号' '内就变成了单纯的字符。
  • 双引号" "则对于双引号" "内的参数替换($)和命令替换(``)是个例外。
# 用echo写入新密码到passwd中
## passwd --stdin:从标准输入(比如管道)写入密码

# echo双引号不要使用特殊字符,比如!,会被转义
## echo使用单引号,引号内的字符不会被转义
echo '新密码'|passwd --stdin 用户名

# Ubuntu不支持 --stdin参数,可以使用替代命令
echo user:pass | chpasswd
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In which file are linux user passwords stored?

删除用户的密码

## -d	删除已有密码
passwd -d 用户名
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修改帐号和密码的有效期限chage

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

[root@localhost ~]# chage --help
用法:chage [选项] 登录

选项:
  -d, --lastday 最近日期        将最近一次密码设置时间设为“最近日期”
  -E, --expiredate 过期日期     将帐户过期时间设为“过期日期”
  -h, --help                    显示此帮助信息并推出
  -I, --inactive INACITVE       过期 INACTIVE 天数后,设定密码为失效状态
  -l, --list                    显示帐户年龄信息
  -m, --mindays 最小天数        将两次改变密码之间相距的最小天数设为“最小天数”
  -M, --maxdays 最大天数        将两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数设为“最大天数”
  -R, --root CHROOT_DIR         chroot 到的目录
  -W, --warndays 警告天数       将过期警告天数设为“警告天数”
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使用-l参数列出用户密码过期的设置:

# 查看上次密码的修改时间
# 查看密码过期配置
chage -l root
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In which file are linux user passwords stored?

修改密码有效期

# 修改testt用户密码信息,设置最大有效期为120天,最小有效期为7天
## -M, --maxdays 最大天数        将两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数设为“最大天数”
## -m, --mindays 最小天数        将两次改变密码之间相距的最小天数设为“最小天数”
chage -M 120 -m 7 test
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设置密码有效期到指定日期

# test这个账号的有效期是2014-09-30
## -E, --expiredate 过期日期     将帐户过期时间设为“过期日期”
chage -E '2014-09-30' test
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修改为密码永不过期

# 修改用户的密码有效期为永久(5个9)
## -M, --maxdays 最大天数        将两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数设为“最大天数”
chage -M 99999 用户名
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使密码立即失效

# 使密码立即失效
# 强制要求用户登陆时修改密码
## -d, --lastday 最近日期        将最近一次密码设置时间设为“最近日期”
chage -d 0 用户名

# 查看密码过期时间
[root@localhost ~]# chage -l use1
最近一次密码修改时间                             :密码必须修改
密码过期时间                                    :密码必须修改
密码失效时间                                    :密码必须修改
帐户过期时间                                            :从不
两次改变密码之间相距的最小天数          :0
两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数          :99999
在密码过期之前警告的天数        :7
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使用openssl生成密码

查看支持的加密算法

[student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd --help
Usage: passwd [options]
Valid options are:
 -help               Display this summary
 -in infile          Read passwords from file
 -noverify           Never verify when reading password from terminal
 -quiet              No warnings
 -table              Format output as table
 -reverse            Switch table columns
 -salt val           Use provided salt
 -stdin              Read passwords from stdin
 -6                  SHA512-based password algorithm
 -5                  SHA256-based password algorithm
 -apr1               MD5-based password algorithm, Apache variant
 -1                  MD5-based password algorithm
 -aixmd5             AIX MD5-based password algorithm
 -crypt              Standard Unix password algorithm (default)
 -rand val           Load the file(s) into the random number generator
 -writerand outfile  Write random data to the specified file
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使用sha512算法生成密码

[student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd -6
Password:							# 提示输入密码
Verifying - Password:				# 确认密码

# 生成的加密后的密码
$6$hkf.tpoz/woyZn1c$ArDSHie9USt44nnqymqL6OZWKsI3e0WWl4NedhfmQOlSEN6er18SYSfyGnvxQmEgC81DLKuERhqDm5Ei3iIDw0
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给密码加盐(-salt)

使用-salt 字符串 给密码加盐
不同的盐,密码相同,算法相同,密文不同
相同的盐,密码相同,算法相同,密文相同

# 加盐rhel生成密码密文
[student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd -6 -salt rhel
Password:				# 输入密码
## 生成的密文
$6$rhel$2JncQy/NAQr4GHoVgz49YGRni8lXx3jakLxYxEBcTYLN8hh7Nu9fJc4zSbRhiJmv0vBlB6W3YyQp.nLZo8MCy0

# 再次实验加盐rhel生成密文
[student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd -6 -salt rhel
Password:				# 输入密码
## 生成的密文与上次密文完全一致
$6$rhel$2JncQy/NAQr4GHoVgz49YGRni8lXx3jakLxYxEBcTYLN8hh7Nu9fJc4zSbRhiJmv0vBlB6W3YyQp.nLZo8MCy0
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密文分段详解

$6$rhel$2JncQy/NAQr4GHoVgz49YGRni8lXx3jakLxYxEBcTYLN8hh7Nu9fJc4zSbRhiJmv0vBlB6W3YyQp.nLZo8MCy0
## $6 表示加密算法sha512
## $rhel 表示盐时rhel
## 第三个$之后才是 算法+盐+原密码 生成的密文
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配置创建新用户的密码策略

修改密码最大有效期为20天

vim /etc/login.defs

## 修改默认密码策略为20天后过期
PASS_MAX_DAYS 20
Copy after login

相关推荐:《Linux视频教程

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