python下同样代码,多核多线程为什么比单核多线程慢很多?
有一个疑问:python的多线程性能问题,本来以为是GIL的竞争导致的多线程下特别慢。但是在单cpu上的多线程性能下降并不明显,但是同样的代码到了多核上之后,性能下降特别明显。那么在多核下的多线程性能明显下降的原因是cpu的频繁切换导致的么? 主要问题应该是:【多CPU之间的频繁切换会有消耗么?】
【备注】:已经明白了为什么需要GIL以及GIL导致的同一时间只能执行一个线程。想问的问题是python在多cpu之间的执行细节。
回复内容:
python 由于有全局解释器锁,线程不支持多cpu。如果想支持多cpu,请用多进程。Python的GIL
- CPython的线程是操作系统的原生线程。在Linux上为pthread,在Windows上为Win thread,完全由操作系统调度线程的执行。一个python解释器进程内有一条主线程,以及多条用户程序的执行线程。即使在多核CPU平台上,由于GIL的存在,所以禁止多线程的并行执行。
- Python解释器进程内的多线程是合作多任务方式执行。当一个线程遇到I/O任务时,将释放GIL。计算密集型(CPU-bound)的线程在执行大约100次解释器的计步(ticks)时,将释放GIL。计步(ticks)可粗略看作Python虚拟机的指令。计步实际上与时间片长度无关。可以通过sys.setcheckinterval()设置计步长度。
- 在单核CPU上,数百次的间隔检查才会导致一次线程切换。在多核CPU上,存在严重的线程颠簸(thrashing)。
- Python 3.2开始使用新的GIL。在新的GIL实现中,用一个固定的超时时间来指示当前的线程放弃全局锁。在当前线程保持这个锁,且其他线程请求这个锁的时候,当前线程就会在5ms后被强制释放掉这个锁。
- 可以创建独立的进程来实现并行化。Python 2.6引进了multiprocessing这个多进程包。或者把关键部分用C/C++写成 Python 扩展,通过cytpes使Python程序直接调用C语言编译的动态库的导出函数。

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