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python中的五种异常处理机制介绍

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:32 AM
python Exception handling mechanism

从几年前开始学习编程直到现在,一直对程序中的异常处理怀有恐惧和排斥心理。之所以这样,是因为不了解。这次攻python,首先把自己最畏惧和最不熟悉的几块内容列出来,里面就有「异常处理」这一项。

《Dive into Python》并没有专门介绍异常处理,只是例子中用到的时候略微说明了一下。今天下载《Learn Python》,直接进异常处理这块。这一部分有四章,第一章讲解异常处理的一般使用方法,后面的章节深入地讨论其机制。我目前只看了第一章,先学会用,以后有必要的时候再扩展阅读。

python主要支持五种异常机制,一一列举。

默认的异常处理器

代码如下:


s = 'Hello girl!'
print s[100]
print 'continue'

如果我们没有对异常进行任何预防,那么在程序执行的过程中发生异常,就会中断程序,调用python默认的异常处理器,并在终端输出异常信息。这种情况下,第3行代码不会执行。

try…except

代码如下:


s = 'Hello girl!'
try:
 print s[100]
except IndexError:
 print 'error...'
print 'continue'

程序执行到第2句时发现try语句,进入try语句块执行,发生异常,回到try语句层,寻找后面是否有except语句。找到except语句后,会调用这个自定义的异常处理器。except将异常处理完毕后,程序继续往下执行。这种情况下,最后两个print语句都会执行。

except后面也可以为空,表示捕获任何类型的异常。

try…finally

代码如下:


s = 'Hello girl!'
try:
 print s[100]
finally:
 print 'error...'
print 'continue'

finally语句表示,无论异常发生与否,finally中的语句都要执行。但是,由于没有except处理器,finally执行完毕后程序便中断。这种情况下,倒第2个print会执行,到第1个不会执行。如果try语句中没有异常,三个print都会执行。

assert

代码如下:


assert False,'error...'
print 'continue'

这个语句,先判断assert后面紧跟的语句是True还是False,如果是True则继续执行print,如果是False则中断程序,调用默认的异常处理器,同时输出assert语句逗号后面的提示信息。本例情况下,程序中断,提示error,后面的print不执行。

with…as

代码如下:


with open('nothing.txt','r') as f:
 f.read()
 print 2/0
print 'continue'

我们平时在使用类似文件的流对象时,使用完毕后要调用close方法关闭,很麻烦。这里with…as语句提供了一个非常方便的替代方法:open打开文件后将返回的文件流对象赋值给f,然后在with语句块中使用。with语句块完毕之后,会隐藏地自动关闭文件。

如果with语句或语句块中发生异常,会调用默认的异常处理器处理,但文件还是会正常关闭。

这种情况下,会抛出异常,最后的print不执行。

书中介绍的很详细,除了上面我提到的之外,还有很多有用的附加信息,比如try..except..finally..else可以连用,比如自定义异常类。这里不再列出,详情可以参考这本书中的介绍。

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