Python通过websocket与js客户端通信示例分析
具体的 websocket 介绍可见 http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebSocket
这里,介绍如何使用 Python 与前端 js 进行通信。
websocket 使用 HTTP 协议完成握手之后,不通过 HTTP 直接进行 websocket 通信。
于是,使用 websocket 大致两个步骤:使用 HTTP 握手,通信。
js 处理 websocket 要使用 ws 模块; Python 处理则使用 socket 模块建立 TCP 连接即可,比一般的 socket ,只多一个握手以及数据处理的步骤。
握手
过程
包格式
js 客户端先向服务器端 python 发送握手包,格式如下:
GET /chat HTTP/1.1 Host: server.example.com Upgrade: websocket Connection: Upgrade Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ== Origin: http://example.com Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat, superchat Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
服务器回应包格式:
HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols Upgrade: websocket Connection: Upgrade Sec-WebSocket-Accept: s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo= Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat
其中, Sec-WebSocket-Key 是随机的,服务器用这些数据构造一个 SHA-1 信息摘要。
方法为: key+migic , SHA-1 加密, base-64 加密,如下:
Python 中的处理代码
MAGIC_STRING = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11' res_key = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(sec_key + MAGIC_STRING).digest())
握手完整代码
js 端
js 中有处理 websocket 的类,初始化后自动发送握手包,如下:
var socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:3368');
Python 端
Python 用 socket 接受得到握手字符串,处理后发送
HOST = 'localhost' PORT = 3368 MAGIC_STRING = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11' HANDSHAKE_STRING = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \ "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \ "Connection: Upgrade\r\n" \ "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: {1}\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Location: ws://{2}/chat\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Protocol:chat\r\n\r\n" def handshake(con): #con为用socket,accept()得到的socket #这里省略监听,accept的代码,具体可见blog:http://blog.csdn.net/ice110956/article/details/29830627 headers = {} shake = con.recv(1024) if not len(shake): return False header, data = shake.split('\r\n\r\n', 1) for line in header.split('\r\n')[1:]: key, val = line.split(': ', 1) headers[key] = val if 'Sec-WebSocket-Key' not in headers: print ('This socket is not websocket, client close.') con.close() return False sec_key = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'] res_key = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(sec_key + MAGIC_STRING).digest()) str_handshake = HANDSHAKE_STRING.replace('{1}', res_key).replace('{2}', HOST + ':' + str(PORT)) print str_handshake con.send(str_handshake) return True
通信
不同版本的浏览器定义的数据帧格式不同, Python 发送和接收时都要处理得到符合格式的数据包,才能通信。
Python 接收
Python 接收到浏览器发来的数据,要解析后才能得到其中的有用数据。
浏览器包格式
固定字节:
( 1000 0001 或是 1000 0002 )这里没用,忽略
包长度字节:
第一位肯定是 1 ,忽略。剩下 7 个位可以得到一个整数 (0 ~ 127) ,其中
( 1-125 )表此字节为长度字节,大小即为长度;
(126)表接下来的两个字节才是长度;
(127)表接下来的八个字节才是长度;
用这种变长的方式表示数据长度,节省数据位。
mark 掩码:
mark 掩码为包长之后的 4 个字节,之后的兄弟数据要与 mark 掩码做运算才能得到真实的数据。
兄弟数据:
得到真实数据的方法:将兄弟数据的每一位 x ,和掩码的第 i%4 位做 xor 运算,其中 i 是 x 在兄弟数据中的索引。
完整代码
def recv_data(self, num): try: all_data = self.con.recv(num) if not len(all_data): return False except: return False else: code_len = ord(all_data[1]) & 127 if code_len == 126: masks = all_data[4:8] data = all_data[8:] elif code_len == 127: masks = all_data[10:14] data = all_data[14:] else: masks = all_data[2:6] data = all_data[6:] raw_str = "" i = 0 for d in data: raw_str += chr(ord(d) ^ ord(masks[i % 4])) i += 1 return raw_str
js 端的 ws 对象,通过 ws.send(str) 即可发送
ws.send(str)
Python 发送
Python 要包数据发送,也需要处理,发送包格式如下
固定字节:固定的 1000 0001( ‘ \x81 ′ )
包长:根据发送数据长度是否超过 125 , 0xFFFF(65535) 来生成 1 个或 3 个或 9 个字节,来代表数据长度。
def send_data(self, data): if data: data = str(data) else: return False token = "\x81" length = len(data) if length < 126: token += struct.pack("B", length) elif length <= 0xFFFF: token += struct.pack("!BH", 126, length) else: token += struct.pack("!BQ", 127, length) #struct为Python中处理二进制数的模块,二进制流为C,或网络流的形式。 data = '%s%s' % (token, data) self.con.send(data) return True
js 端通过回调函数 ws.onmessage() 接受数据
ws.onmessage = function(result,nTime){ alert("从服务端收到的数据:"); alert("最近一次发送数据到现在接收一共使用时间:" + nTime); console.log(result); }
最终代码
Python服务端
# _*_ coding:utf-8 _*_ __author__ = 'Patrick' import socket import threading import sys import os import MySQLdb import base64 import hashlib import struct # ====== config ====== HOST = 'localhost' PORT = 3368 MAGIC_STRING = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11' HANDSHAKE_STRING = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \ "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \ "Connection: Upgrade\r\n" \ "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: {1}\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Location: ws://{2}/chat\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Protocol:chat\r\n\r\n" class Th(threading.Thread): def __init__(self, connection,): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.con = connection def run(self): while True: try: pass self.con.close() def recv_data(self, num): try: all_data = self.con.recv(num) if not len(all_data): return False except: return False else: code_len = ord(all_data[1]) & 127 if code_len == 126: masks = all_data[4:8] data = all_data[8:] elif code_len == 127: masks = all_data[10:14] data = all_data[14:] else: masks = all_data[2:6] data = all_data[6:] raw_str = "" i = 0 for d in data: raw_str += chr(ord(d) ^ ord(masks[i % 4])) i += 1 return raw_str # send data def send_data(self, data): if data: data = str(data) else: return False token = "\x81" length = len(data) if length < 126: token += struct.pack("B", length) elif length <= 0xFFFF: token += struct.pack("!BH", 126, length) else: token += struct.pack("!BQ", 127, length) #struct为Python中处理二进制数的模块,二进制流为C,或网络流的形式。 data = '%s%s' % (token, data) self.con.send(data) return True # handshake def handshake(con): headers = {} shake = con.recv(1024) if not len(shake): return False header, data = shake.split('\r\n\r\n', 1) for line in header.split('\r\n')[1:]: key, val = line.split(': ', 1) headers[key] = val if 'Sec-WebSocket-Key' not in headers: print ('This socket is not websocket, client close.') con.close() return False sec_key = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'] res_key = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(sec_key + MAGIC_STRING).digest()) str_handshake = HANDSHAKE_STRING.replace('{1}', res_key).replace('{2}', HOST + ':' + str(PORT)) print str_handshake con.send(str_handshake) return True def new_service(): """start a service socket and listen when coms a connection, start a new thread to handle it""" sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) try: sock.bind(('localhost', 3368)) sock.listen(1000) #链接队列大小 print "bind 3368,ready to use" except: print("Server is already running,quit") sys.exit() while True: connection, address = sock.accept() #返回元组(socket,add),accept调用时会进入waite状态 print "Got connection from ", address if handshake(connection): print "handshake success" try: t = Th(connection, layout) t.start() print 'new thread for client ...' except: print 'start new thread error' connection.close() if __name__ == '__main__': new_service()
js客户 端
<script> var socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:3368'); ws.onmessage = function(result,nTime){ alert("从服务端收到的数据:"); alert("最近一次发送数据到现在接收一共使用时间:" + nTime); console.log(result); } </script>

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics











PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.

To run Python code in Sublime Text, you need to install the Python plug-in first, then create a .py file and write the code, and finally press Ctrl B to run the code, and the output will be displayed in the console.

Python is more suitable for beginners, with a smooth learning curve and concise syntax; JavaScript is suitable for front-end development, with a steep learning curve and flexible syntax. 1. Python syntax is intuitive and suitable for data science and back-end development. 2. JavaScript is flexible and widely used in front-end and server-side programming.

Golang is better than Python in terms of performance and scalability. 1) Golang's compilation-type characteristics and efficient concurrency model make it perform well in high concurrency scenarios. 2) Python, as an interpreted language, executes slowly, but can optimize performance through tools such as Cython.

Writing code in Visual Studio Code (VSCode) is simple and easy to use. Just install VSCode, create a project, select a language, create a file, write code, save and run it. The advantages of VSCode include cross-platform, free and open source, powerful features, rich extensions, and lightweight and fast.

Running Python code in Notepad requires the Python executable and NppExec plug-in to be installed. After installing Python and adding PATH to it, configure the command "python" and the parameter "{CURRENT_DIRECTORY}{FILE_NAME}" in the NppExec plug-in to run Python code in Notepad through the shortcut key "F6".
