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Python通过websocket与js客户端通信示例分析

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:31 AM
js python websocket

具体的 websocket 介绍可见 http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebSocket 

这里,介绍如何使用 Python 与前端 js 进行通信。

websocket 使用 HTTP 协议完成握手之后,不通过 HTTP 直接进行 websocket 通信。

于是,使用 websocket 大致两个步骤:使用 HTTP 握手,通信。

js 处理 websocket 要使用 ws 模块; Python 处理则使用 socket 模块建立 TCP 连接即可,比一般的 socket ,只多一个握手以及数据处理的步骤。

握手

过程

包格式

js 客户端先向服务器端 python 发送握手包,格式如下:

GET /chat HTTP/1.1
Host: server.example.com
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ==
Origin: http://example.com
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat, superchat
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
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服务器回应包格式:

HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Accept: s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo=
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat
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其中, Sec-WebSocket-Key 是随机的,服务器用这些数据构造一个 SHA-1 信息摘要。

方法为: key+migic , SHA-1 加密, base-64 加密,如下:

Python 中的处理代码

MAGIC_STRING = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11'
res_key = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(sec_key + MAGIC_STRING).digest())

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握手完整代码

js 端

js 中有处理 websocket 的类,初始化后自动发送握手包,如下:

var socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:3368');

Python 端

Python 用 socket 接受得到握手字符串,处理后发送

HOST = 'localhost'
PORT = 3368
MAGIC_STRING = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11'
HANDSHAKE_STRING = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \
      "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \
      "Connection: Upgrade\r\n" \
      "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: {1}\r\n" \
      "WebSocket-Location: ws://{2}/chat\r\n" \
      "WebSocket-Protocol:chat\r\n\r\n"
 
def handshake(con):
#con为用socket,accept()得到的socket
#这里省略监听,accept的代码,具体可见blog:http://blog.csdn.net/ice110956/article/details/29830627
 headers = {}
 shake = con.recv(1024)
 
 if not len(shake):
  return False
 
 header, data = shake.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)
 for line in header.split('\r\n')[1:]:
  key, val = line.split(': ', 1)
  headers[key] = val
 
 if 'Sec-WebSocket-Key' not in headers:
  print ('This socket is not websocket, client close.')
  con.close()
  return False
 
 sec_key = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key']
 res_key = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(sec_key + MAGIC_STRING).digest())
 
 str_handshake = HANDSHAKE_STRING.replace('{1}', res_key).replace('{2}', HOST + ':' + str(PORT))
 print str_handshake
 con.send(str_handshake)
return True
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通信

不同版本的浏览器定义的数据帧格式不同, Python 发送和接收时都要处理得到符合格式的数据包,才能通信。

Python 接收

Python 接收到浏览器发来的数据,要解析后才能得到其中的有用数据。

浏览器包格式

固定字节:

( 1000 0001 或是 1000 0002 )这里没用,忽略

包长度字节:

第一位肯定是 1 ,忽略。剩下 7 个位可以得到一个整数 (0 ~ 127) ,其中

( 1-125 )表此字节为长度字节,大小即为长度;

(126)表接下来的两个字节才是长度;

(127)表接下来的八个字节才是长度;

用这种变长的方式表示数据长度,节省数据位。

mark 掩码:

mark 掩码为包长之后的 4 个字节,之后的兄弟数据要与 mark 掩码做运算才能得到真实的数据。

兄弟数据:

得到真实数据的方法:将兄弟数据的每一位 x ,和掩码的第 i%4 位做 xor 运算,其中 i 是 x 在兄弟数据中的索引。

完整代码

def recv_data(self, num):
 try:
  all_data = self.con.recv(num)
  if not len(all_data):
   return False
 except:
  return False
 else:
  code_len = ord(all_data[1]) & 127
  if code_len == 126:
   masks = all_data[4:8]
   data = all_data[8:]
  elif code_len == 127:
   masks = all_data[10:14]
   data = all_data[14:]
  else:
   masks = all_data[2:6]
   data = all_data[6:]
  raw_str = ""
  i = 0
  for d in data:
   raw_str += chr(ord(d) ^ ord(masks[i % 4]))
   i += 1
  return raw_str
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js 端的 ws 对象,通过 ws.send(str) 即可发送

ws.send(str)

Python 发送

Python 要包数据发送,也需要处理,发送包格式如下

固定字节:固定的 1000 0001( ‘ \x81 ′ )

包长:根据发送数据长度是否超过 125 , 0xFFFF(65535) 来生成 1 个或 3 个或 9 个字节,来代表数据长度。

def send_data(self, data):
 if data:
  data = str(data)
 else:
  return False
 token = "\x81"
 length = len(data)
 if length < 126:
  token += struct.pack("B", length)
 elif length <= 0xFFFF:
  token += struct.pack("!BH", 126, length)
 else:
  token += struct.pack("!BQ", 127, length)
 #struct为Python中处理二进制数的模块,二进制流为C,或网络流的形式。
 data = '%s%s' % (token, data)
 self.con.send(data)
 return True
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js 端通过回调函数 ws.onmessage() 接受数据

ws.onmessage = function(result,nTime){
alert("从服务端收到的数据:");
alert("最近一次发送数据到现在接收一共使用时间:" + nTime);
console.log(result);
}
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最终代码

Python服务端

# _*_ coding:utf-8 _*_
__author__ = 'Patrick'

import socket
import threading
import sys
import os
import MySQLdb
import base64
import hashlib
import struct
 
# ====== config ======
HOST = 'localhost'
PORT = 3368
MAGIC_STRING = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11'
HANDSHAKE_STRING = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \
      "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \
      "Connection: Upgrade\r\n" \
      "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: {1}\r\n" \
      "WebSocket-Location: ws://{2}/chat\r\n" \
      "WebSocket-Protocol:chat\r\n\r\n"
 
class Th(threading.Thread):
 def __init__(self, connection,):
  threading.Thread.__init__(self)
  self.con = connection
 
 def run(self):
  while True:
   try:
     pass
  self.con.close()
 
 def recv_data(self, num):
  try:
   all_data = self.con.recv(num)
   if not len(all_data):
    return False
  except:
   return False
  else:
   code_len = ord(all_data[1]) & 127
   if code_len == 126:
    masks = all_data[4:8]
    data = all_data[8:]
   elif code_len == 127:
    masks = all_data[10:14]
    data = all_data[14:]
   else:
    masks = all_data[2:6]
    data = all_data[6:]
   raw_str = ""
   i = 0
   for d in data:
    raw_str += chr(ord(d) ^ ord(masks[i % 4]))
    i += 1
   return raw_str
 
 # send data
 def send_data(self, data):
  if data:
   data = str(data)
  else:
   return False
  token = "\x81"
  length = len(data)
  if length < 126:
   token += struct.pack("B", length)
  elif length <= 0xFFFF:
   token += struct.pack("!BH", 126, length)
  else:
   token += struct.pack("!BQ", 127, length)
  #struct为Python中处理二进制数的模块,二进制流为C,或网络流的形式。
  data = '%s%s' % (token, data)
  self.con.send(data)
  return True
 
 
 # handshake
 def handshake(con):
  headers = {}
  shake = con.recv(1024)
 
  if not len(shake):
   return False
 
  header, data = shake.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)
  for line in header.split('\r\n')[1:]:
   key, val = line.split(': ', 1)
   headers[key] = val
 
  if 'Sec-WebSocket-Key' not in headers:
   print ('This socket is not websocket, client close.')
   con.close()
   return False
 
  sec_key = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key']
  res_key = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(sec_key + MAGIC_STRING).digest())
 
  str_handshake = HANDSHAKE_STRING.replace('{1}', res_key).replace('{2}', HOST + ':' + str(PORT))
  print str_handshake
  con.send(str_handshake)
  return True
 
def new_service():
 """start a service socket and listen
 when coms a connection, start a new thread to handle it"""
 
 sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 try:
  sock.bind(('localhost', 3368))
  sock.listen(1000)
  #链接队列大小
  print "bind 3368,ready to use"
 except:
  print("Server is already running,quit")
  sys.exit()
 
 while True:
  connection, address = sock.accept()
  #返回元组(socket,add),accept调用时会进入waite状态
  print "Got connection from ", address
  if handshake(connection):
   print "handshake success"
   try:
    t = Th(connection, layout)
    t.start()
    print 'new thread for client ...'
   except:
    print 'start new thread error'
    connection.close()
 
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
 new_service()
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js客户 端

<script>
var socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:3368');
ws.onmessage = function(result,nTime){
alert(&quot;从服务端收到的数据:&quot;);
alert(&quot;最近一次发送数据到现在接收一共使用时间:&quot; + nTime);
console.log(result);
}
</script>
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