python数据结构树和二叉树简介
一、树的定义
树形结构是一类重要的非线性结构。树形结构是结点之间有分支,并具有层次关系的结构。它非常类似于自然界中的树。
树的递归定义:
树(Tree)是n(n≥0)个结点的有限集T,T为空时称为空树,否则它满足如下两个条件:
(1)有且仅有一个特定的称为根(Root)的结点;
(2)其余的结点可分为m(m≥0)个互不相交的子集Tl,T2,…,Tm,其中每个子集本身又是一棵树,并称其为根的子树(Subree)。
二、二叉树的定义
二叉树是由n(n≥0)个结点组成的有限集合、每个结点最多有两个子树的有序树。它或者是空集,或者是由一个根和称为左、右子树的两个不相交的二叉树组成。
特点:
(1)二叉树是有序树,即使只有一个子树,也必须区分左、右子树;
(2)二叉树的每个结点的度不能大于2,只能取0、1、2三者之一;
(3)二叉树中所有结点的形态有5种:空结点、无左右子树的结点、只有左子树的结点、只有右子树的结点和具有左右子树的结点。
三、二叉树的性质
性质1:二叉树的第i层上最多有个结点。
性质2:深度为h的二叉树上最多有-1个结点。
性质3:具有n个结点的二叉树的高度不小于的最大整数。
性质4:任意一棵二叉树中,如果叶子结点的个数为n0,度为2的结点的个数为n2,则必然有n0=n2+1。
满二叉树:若深度为h的二叉树,恰好具有-1个结点,则称为满二叉树。
完全二叉树:若一棵具有n个结点的二叉树的逻辑结构与满二叉树的前n个结点的逻辑结构完全相同,则称该二叉树为完全二叉树
扩充二叉树:除叶子结点外,其余结点都必须有两个孩子的二叉树。
四、二叉树的存储结构
二叉树的存储结构有顺序存储结构、链式存储结构
顺序存储:结构采用一维数组存储的。根据二叉树的性质6可计算出双亲结点、左右孩子结点的下标。因此满二叉树、完全二叉树的存储可采用一维数组,把结点按从上到下、从左到右的顺序存放在数组中,结点之间的关系可由性质6的公式计算得到。
链式存储:结构采用链表存储二叉树中的数据元素,用链建立二叉树中结点之间的关系。二叉树最常用的链式存储结构是二叉链,每个结点包含三个域,分别是数据元素域data、左孩子链域lChild和右孩子链域rChild。与单链表带头结点和不带头结点的两种情况相似,二叉链存储结构的二叉树也有带头结点和不带头结点两种
五、二叉树的操作
python数据结构之二叉树的建立实例
python数据结构之二叉树的遍历实例
python数据结构之二叉树的统计与转换实例

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