介绍Python中的__future__模块
Python的每个新版本都会增加一些新的功能,或者对原来的功能作一些改动。有些改动是不兼容旧版本的,也就是在当前版本运行正常的代码,到下一个版本运行就可能不正常了。
从Python 2.7到Python 3.x就有不兼容的一些改动,比如2.x里的字符串用'xxx'表示str,Unicode字符串用u'xxx'表示unicode,而在3.x中,所有字符串都被视为unicode,因此,写u'xxx'和'xxx'是完全一致的,而在2.x中以'xxx'表示的str就必须写成b'xxx',以此表示“二进制字符串”。
要直接把代码升级到3.x是比较冒进的,因为有大量的改动需要测试。相反,可以在2.7版本中先在一部分代码中测试一些3.x的特性,如果没有问题,再移植到3.x不迟。
Python提供了__future__模块,把下一个新版本的特性导入到当前版本,于是我们就可以在当前版本中测试一些新版本的特性。举例说明如下:
为了适应Python 3.x的新的字符串的表示方法,在2.7版本的代码中,可以通过unicode_literals来使用Python 3.x的新的语法:
# still running on Python 2.7 from __future__ import unicode_literals print '\'xxx\' is unicode?', isinstance('xxx', unicode) print 'u\'xxx\' is unicode?', isinstance(u'xxx', unicode) print '\'xxx\' is str?', isinstance('xxx', str) print 'b\'xxx\' is str?', isinstance(b'xxx', str)
注意到上面的代码仍然在Python 2.7下运行,但结果显示去掉前缀u的'a string'仍是一个unicode,而加上前缀b的b'a string'才变成了str:
$ python task.py 'xxx' is unicode? True u'xxx' is unicode? True 'xxx' is str? False b'xxx' is str? True
类似的情况还有除法运算。在Python 2.x中,对于除法有两种情况,如果是整数相除,结果仍是整数,余数会被扔掉,这种除法叫“地板除”:
>>> 10 / 3 3
要做精确除法,必须把其中一个数变成浮点数:
>>> 10.0 / 3 3.3333333333333335
而在Python 3.x中,所有的除法都是精确除法,地板除用//表示:
$ python3 Python 3.3.2 (default, Jan 22 2014, 09:54:40) [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.2.79)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> 10 / 3 3.3333333333333335 >>> 10 // 3 3
如果你想在Python 2.7的代码中直接使用Python 3.x的除法,可以通过__future__模块的division实现:
from __future__ import division print '10 / 3 =', 10 / 3 print '10.0 / 3 =', 10.0 / 3 print '10 // 3 =', 10 // 3
结果如下:
10 / 3 = 3.33333333333 10.0 / 3 = 3.33333333333 10 // 3 = 3
小结
由于Python是由社区推动的开源并且免费的开发语言,不受商业公司控制,因此,Python的改进往往比较激进,不兼容的情况时有发生。Python为了确保你能顺利过渡到新版本,特别提供了__future__模块,让你在旧的版本中试验新版本的一些特性。

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